Determine the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each...

Determine the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each of the following compounds. (Hint: Look at the ions present.) (a) $\mathrm{Mn}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_{2}\right)_{2}$ (b) $\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CrO}_{4}\right)_{3}$ (c) $\mathrm{HgCr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}$ (d) $\mathrm{Co}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}$

Determine the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each of the following compounds. (Hint: Look at the ions present.)
(a) $\mathrm{Mn}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_{2}\right)_{2}$
(b) $\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CrO}_{4}\right)_{3}$
(c) $\mathrm{HgCr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}$
(d) $\mathrm{Co}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}$

Key Concepts

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation numbers are a bookkeeping tool used in chemistry to keep track of electrons in atoms and ions during redox reactions and compound formation. They represent the hypothetical charge an atom would have if all bonds were completely ionic. This concept is essential for understanding electron transfer processes and for determining the oxidation-reduction properties of compounds.

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

The rules for assigning oxidation numbers provide a systematic way to determine the oxidation state of each atom within a compound or ion. These rules include assigning known oxidation states to certain elements (e.g., oxygen is usually -2, hydrogen is usually +1) and using the overall charge of the compound or ion to balance the oxidation numbers. These guidelines help ensure that the sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule equals zero and in an ion equals its charge.

Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions are charged species composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together. Understanding the structure and typical oxidation states within polyatomic ions is crucial, as the overall charge of the ion is distributed among its constituent atoms. This concept allows for systematic determination of the oxidation states within complex ions, particularly when used as a building block in larger compounds.

Charge Balance in Compounds

Charge balance in compounds is the principle that the total sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound must equal zero, while in an ion, it must equal the overall charge of the ion. This constraint is used to calculate unknown oxidation states when the oxidation states of other atoms in the compound or ion are known, ensuring that the compound is electrically neutral or carries the correct net charge.

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