Determine the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each...

Determine the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each of the following compounds. (Hint: Look at the ions present.) a. $\mathrm{Mn}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ b. $\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CrO}_{4}\right)_{3}$ c. $\mathrm{HgCr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}$ d. $\mathrm{Co}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}$

Determine the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each of the following compounds. (Hint: Look at the ions present.)
a. $\mathrm{Mn}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}\right)_{2}$
b. $\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CrO}_{4}\right)_{3}$
c. $\mathrm{HgCr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}$
d. $\mathrm{Co}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}$

Key Concepts

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation numbers (or oxidation states) provide a formalism for indicating the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. They represent hypothetical charges assuming bonding is completely ionic, which is particularly useful for balancing redox equations and understanding electron transfer processes.

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

A set of general rules aids in assigning oxidation numbers: pure elements have an oxidation number of zero; for monoatomic ions, the oxidation number equals the ion's charge; oxygen is usually assigned -2 (with exceptions like in peroxides where it is -1); hydrogen is typically +1 when bonded to non-metals; and the sum of oxidation numbers for atoms in a neutral molecule is zero or equals the overall charge in an ion.

Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions are charged chemical species composed of a group of covalently bonded atoms that act as a unit. Recognizing and understanding the common polyatomic ions simplifies determining oxidation numbers, as the overall charge of the ion provides a necessary constraint when calculating the oxidation states of its individual atoms.

Charge Balancing in Compounds

The principle of charge balance is fundamental when determining oxidation numbers in compounds. For any molecule or ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all constituent atoms must equal the net charge of the species, ensuring the internal consistency of the oxidation state assignments.

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