Draw a structure to represent the principal product of each...

Draw a structure to represent the principal product of each of the following reactions:
(a) pentan-1-ol + dichromate ion (acid solution)
(b) butyric acid $+$ ethanol (acid solution)
(c) 2-methylbut-1-ene + HBr

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Key Concepts

Electrophilic Addition (Markovnikov's Rule)

Electrophilic addition is a reaction in which an electrophile, such as HBr, adds across the double bond of an alkene. In these reactions, Markovnikov's rule typically applies, meaning that the hydrogen atom attaches to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents while the halide attaches to the more substituted carbon, leading to a more stable carbocation intermediate. This mechanism is fundamental for understanding additions to unsaturated systems in organic synthesis.

Oxidation of Primary Alcohols

Primary alcohols, when treated with strong oxidizing agents such as dichromate ion in an acidic medium, undergo oxidation. This reaction typically converts the alcohol first into an aldehyde, which is then further oxidized to a carboxylic acid. This type of oxidation is a fundamental transformation in organic chemistry and is widely used to modify the oxidation state of carbon atoms in synthesis.

Fischer Esterification

Fischer esterification is an acid-catalyzed reaction in which a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester and water. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic attack by the alcohol on the protonated carbonyl group of the acid, with the concomitant loss of water. This esterification process is reversible and is a key method for synthesizing esters in organic chemistry.

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