For the following ions, indicate whether electrons must be...

For the following ions, indicate whether electrons must be gained or lost from the parent neutral atom, and how many electrons must be gained or lost. $\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. } \mathrm{O}^{2-}} & {\text { c. } C r^{3+}} & {\text { e. } \mathrm{Rb}^{+}} \\ {\text { b. } \mathrm{p}^{3-}} & {\text { d. } \mathrm{Sn}^{2+}} & {\text { f. } \mathrm{Pb}^{2+}}\end{array}$

For the following ions, indicate whether electrons must be gained or lost from the parent neutral atom, and how many electrons must be gained or lost.
$\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. } \mathrm{O}^{2-}} & {\text { c. } C r^{3+}} & {\text { e. } \mathrm{Rb}^{+}} \\ {\text { b. } \mathrm{p}^{3-}} & {\text { d. } \mathrm{Sn}^{2+}} & {\text { f. } \mathrm{Pb}^{2+}}\end{array}$

Key Concepts

Charge Determination and Electron Accounting

This concept involves determining whether electrons need to be added or removed based on the difference between the atomic number (number of protons) and the number of electrons. The magnitude of the ion's charge directly indicates the number of electrons gained (for anions) or lost (for cations) relative to the parent neutral atom.

Electron Loss (Cation Formation)

Electron loss is the process by which an atom loses electrons to form a positively charged ion, known as a cation. The number of electrons removed from the neutral atom determines the magnitude of the positive charge on the ion.

Parent Neutral Atom

The parent neutral atom refers to the uncharged atom from which an ion is formed. It has an equal number of protons and electrons, and any deviation from this balance through electron gain or loss results in the formation of an ion.

Ion Formation

Ion formation is the process by which atoms become charged particles by either gaining or losing electrons. The change from a neutral atom to an ion involves an imbalance between the number of protons in the nucleus and electrons in the electron cloud, leading to either a net positive or negative charge.

Electron Gain (Anion Formation)

Electron gain is the process by which an atom acquires extra electrons, resulting in a negatively charged ion, or anion. The number of electrons gained depends on the desired charge state of the ion relative to the neutral atom.

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