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Le graphite cristallise dans une structure de symétrie hexagonale. La maille élémentaire du graphite possÚde les paramÚtres de maille suivants : $a=b=$ $2,46 \AA, c=6,69 \AA, \alpha=\beta=90^{\circ}$ et $\gamma=120^{\circ}$. Les coordonnées de tous les atomes de carbone dans la maille élémentaire sont : $$ (0,0,0) ;(0,0,1) ;(1,0,0) ;(1,0,1) ;(0,1,0) ;(0,1,1) ;(1,1,0) ;(1,1,1) \text {; } $$ $$ (0,0,1 / 2) ;(1,0,1 / 2) ;(0,1,1 / 2) ;(1,1,1 / 2)(2 / 3,1 / 3,0)(2 / 3,1 / 3,1) ;(1 / 3 \text {, } $$ $2 / 3,1 / 2$ ) a) Faire une projection de cette maille dans le plan de base $(\vec{a}, \vec{b})$ en distinguant les atomes de carbone qui sont en $\mathrm{z}=0$ ou 1 de ceux qui sont en $\mathrm{z}=1 / 2$. b) En considérant plusieurs mailles élémentaires, décrivez l'organisation des atomes de carbone en $\mathrm{z}=0(\mathrm{ou} \mathrm{z}=1$ ) puis en $\mathrm{z}=1 / 2$. Décrire maintenant la structure graphite en terme d'empilement. c) Calculer les distances C-C qui semblent intéressantes pour étudier la cohésion de cette structure. Commenter. d) Calculer la compacité de la structure du graphite. Commenter.

   Le graphite cristallise dans une structure de symétrie hexagonale. La maille élémentaire du graphite possÚde les paramÚtres de maille suivants : $a=b=$ $2,46 \AA, c=6,69 \AA, \alpha=\beta=90^{\circ}$ et $\gamma=120^{\circ}$.
Les coordonnées de tous les atomes de carbone dans la maille élémentaire sont :
$$
(0,0,0) ;(0,0,1) ;(1,0,0) ;(1,0,1) ;(0,1,0) ;(0,1,1) ;(1,1,0) ;(1,1,1) \text {; }
$$
$$
(0,0,1 / 2) ;(1,0,1 / 2) ;(0,1,1 / 2) ;(1,1,1 / 2)(2 / 3,1 / 3,0)(2 / 3,1 / 3,1) ;(1 / 3 \text {, }
$$
$2 / 3,1 / 2$ )
a) Faire une projection de cette maille dans le plan de base $(\vec{a}, \vec{b})$ en distinguant les atomes de carbone qui sont en $\mathrm{z}=0$ ou 1 de ceux qui sont en $\mathrm{z}=1 / 2$.
b) En considérant plusieurs mailles élémentaires, décrivez l'organisation des atomes de carbone en $\mathrm{z}=0(\mathrm{ou} \mathrm{z}=1$ ) puis en $\mathrm{z}=1 / 2$. Décrire maintenant la structure graphite en terme d'empilement.
c) Calculer les distances C-C qui semblent intéressantes pour étudier la cohésion de cette structure. Commenter.
d) Calculer la compacité de la structure du graphite. Commenter.
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Les cours de Paul Arnaud - Exercices résolus de chimie physique
Les cours de Paul Arnaud - Exercices résolus de chimie physique
Paul Arnaud,
 3rd Edition
Chapter 7, Problem 3 ↓

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Le graphite cristallise dans une structure de symétrie hexagonale. La maille élémentaire du graphite possÚde les paramÚtres de maille suivants : $a=b=$ $2,46 \AA, c=6,69 \AA, \alpha=\beta=90^{\circ}$ et $\gamma=120^{\circ}$. Les coordonnées de tous les atomes de carbone dans la maille élémentaire sont : $$ (0,0,0) ;(0,0,1) ;(1,0,0) ;(1,0,1) ;(0,1,0) ;(0,1,1) ;(1,1,0) ;(1,1,1) \text {; } $$ $$ (0,0,1 / 2) ;(1,0,1 / 2) ;(0,1,1 / 2) ;(1,1,1 / 2)(2 / 3,1 / 3,0)(2 / 3,1 / 3,1) ;(1 / 3 \text {, } $$ $2 / 3,1 / 2$ ) a) Faire une projection de cette maille dans le plan de base $(\vec{a}, \vec{b})$ en distinguant les atomes de carbone qui sont en $\mathrm{z}=0$ ou 1 de ceux qui sont en $\mathrm{z}=1 / 2$. b) En considérant plusieurs mailles élémentaires, décrivez l'organisation des atomes de carbone en $\mathrm{z}=0(\mathrm{ou} \mathrm{z}=1$ ) puis en $\mathrm{z}=1 / 2$. Décrire maintenant la structure graphite en terme d'empilement. c) Calculer les distances C-C qui semblent intéressantes pour étudier la cohésion de cette structure. Commenter. d) Calculer la compacité de la structure du graphite. Commenter.
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Key Concepts

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Crystal Structure and Unit Cell
The unit cell is the smallest repeating entity in a crystal lattice that, when translated through all space, reconstructs the entire crystal structure. It contains the full set of symmetry and atomic arrangement features that define the material. Understanding the unit cell is crucial in crystallography for describing, analyzing, and calculating properties such as density and diffraction patterns.
Hexagonal Symmetry and Lattice Parameters
Hexagonal symmetry is a characteristic feature of many crystal structures, including graphite. It involves specific lattice parameters such as two equal in-plane constants and a distinct angle (120° between certain axes), along with a unique out-of-plane parameter. This symmetry influences the overall geometry, physical properties, and directional anisotropy of the material.
Projection of a 3D Crystal onto a 2D Plane
Projecting a three-dimensional crystal structure onto a two-dimensional plane, like the basal plane, helps reveal the geometric arrangement and periodicity of atoms within a single layer. This process simplifies the complexity of a 3D structure, making it easier to visualize atomic positions, coordination, and interactions within that plane.
Layered Structure and Stacking Sequences in Graphite
Graphite is a layered material where the carbon atoms form distinct two-dimensional sheets that stack on top of one another with specific relative shifts. The stacking sequence, such as AB or Bernal stacking, plays a critical role in determining the electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties of the material. Understanding the arrangement of atoms in different layers is essential for analyzing interactions between layers and overall material behavior.
Interatomic Distances in Crystal Cohesion Analysis
Calculating interatomic distances within a crystal structure is fundamental for assessing the strength, stability, and cohesive forces of a material. In graphite, the distances between carbon atoms can indicate the presence of strong covalent bonds within layers versus weaker van der Waals forces between layers. These analyses help in understanding both the mechanical integrity and other physical properties of the crystal.
Compactness and Packing Fraction in Crystalline Structures
The compactness of a crystal, often quantified as the packing fraction, measures how densely the atoms are arranged within the unit cell. A higher packing fraction can imply stronger cohesion and potentially different material properties such as density and stability. Evaluating the compacity provides insights into the efficiency of space utilization in the crystal lattice and its relation to macroscopic properties.

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