Match the researchers (a-j) with the discoveries listed. a....

Match the researchers (a-j) with the discoveries listed. a. Kossel f. Hershey and Chase b. Fraenkel-Conrat g. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty c. Wat son and Crick h. Griffith d. Levene i. Franklin and Wilkins e. Miescher j. Chargaff _____ Took X-ray diffraction pictures used in constructing the structure of DNA. _____ Determined that DNA contains nitrogenous bases. _____ Identified DNA as the genetic material in bacteriophage. _____ Discovered regularity in the ratios of different bases in DNA. _____ Determined that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria. _____ Worked out the helical structure of DNA by building models. _____ Discovered that DNA consists of repeating nudeotides. _____ Determined that DNA is acidic and high in phosphorous. _____ Conducted experiments showing that RNA can serve as the genetic material in some viruses. _____ Demonstrated that heat-killed material from bacteria can genetically transform live bacteria.

Match the researchers (a-j) with the discoveries listed.
a. Kossel
f. Hershey and Chase
b. Fraenkel-Conrat
g. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
c. Wat son and Crick
h. Griffith
d. Levene
i. Franklin and Wilkins
e. Miescher
j. Chargaff

_____ Took X-ray diffraction pictures used in constructing the structure of DNA.
_____ Determined that DNA contains nitrogenous bases.
_____ Identified DNA as the genetic material in bacteriophage.
_____ Discovered regularity in the ratios of different bases in DNA.
_____ Determined that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.
_____ Worked out the helical structure of DNA by building models.
_____ Discovered that DNA consists of repeating nudeotides.
_____ Determined that DNA is acidic and high in phosphorous.
_____ Conducted experiments showing that RNA can serve as the genetic material in some viruses.
_____ Demonstrated that heat-killed material from bacteria can genetically transform live bacteria.

Key Concepts

Viral Genetics and RNA Infectivity

This area focuses on experiments that explored the nature of genetic material in viruses. Certain studies investigated viruses where RNA, rather than DNA, carries the genetic information, thus broadening our understanding of the diversity in genetic systems and revealing that some viruses use RNA to infect host cells and propagate their genetic material.

Transformation and the Genetic Material

This concept involves experiments that demonstrate how genetic information can be transferred between cells. Studies showing that a substance from dead cells can transform live bacteria, and later work that pinpointed DNA as the molecule responsible for this transformation, were cornerstone findings that established DNA as the molecule of heredity.

Chargaff’s Rules and Base Pairing Specificity

This idea centers on the observation that DNA has consistent ratios of its nitrogenous bases. The regularity in the amounts of adenine relative to thymine and cytosine to guanine provided critical evidence for the base pairing rules, which in turn were fundamental for understanding the specific pairing mechanism driving the structure and replication of DNA.

X-ray Diffraction and Crystallography

This concept refers to the use of X-ray diffraction techniques to study the arrangement of atoms within a crystal. In molecular biology, X-ray crystallography was crucial in revealing the three?dimensional structure of DNA by providing detailed patterns that disclosed how the molecule is organized at the atomic level.

Biochemical Composition of DNA

This encompasses the discovery and characterization of the chemical building blocks of DNA, including the nitrogenous bases, the sugar (deoxyribose), and the phosphate groups. Investigations in this area established that DNA is a polymer composed of repeating nucleotide units and determined its acidic and phosphorous-rich nature.

Molecular Model Building and the Helical Structure

Molecular model building involves constructing physical or conceptual models of molecules based on experimental data. This approach was pivotal in deducing the double helical structure of DNA, where researchers integrated available data to propose how the nucleotide components were arranged in space, leading to the iconic double helix model.

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