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In this video, we're going to be focusing on the topic of functional groups.
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So i'm sure that when you have learned chemistry, you might have heard the term functional group.
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And what functional groups are, are they are a set of atoms or an atom that have similar chemical or physical properties that allow it to react with other compounds and form molecules of various different functional groups? so i have here drawn just some common functional groups that you'll see attached to organic compounds.
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And so before i run over these, i want to mention that if you see a squiggly symbol, as you see in many of these drawings, what this means is the squiggly symbol will stand for an unspecified portion of the molecule.
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So you can just treat it as irrelevant.
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If you see r, this means a part of the molecule containing carbons and hydrogens that is also unspecified as well.
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So those two are just some thing i want to get clarified before i run over these common functional groups.
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So the first one right here, if you see a x, an x meaning a halogen, right? a halogen is anything in the row on the left of the nulogases.
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So this includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
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You would call this a alkali.
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And these are extremely important compounds in many of the introductory organic chemistry reactions that you learn.
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If you see a hydroxyl group, so an oh attached, this is a common functional group found in alcohols, as well as we'll see right here later, this is another functional group.
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If you see two r groups surrounding oxygen, this is called an ether.
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So how i'd like to memorize it is either.
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So that kind of looks like ether, either this or that.
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So that's a good way of remembering it.
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Nh2, this is found on amino acids.
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If you remember, this is an amine group.
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And i'd like to also mention that it's very commonly seen as nh2 attached to the rest of the molecule.
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But it could also be n h and then an r group so with an h attached like that or it could also be two different r groups right so another one so enter two so this is a mean and then this if you see s h this is called a thyle and then we get to some of the more um i wouldn't want to say complex but functional groups that contain carboneals, which are c attached to double -bonded o.
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So c double -bonded o.
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So this is something called an aldehyde.
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When you have just an h attached to a carbonyl with an r, if you have two r groups, that's going to be called a ketone.
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If you have an r attached to this carbonyl group, and then you have a hydroxyl group coming off, this is called a carboxylic acid.
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And then this, it looks pretty complex, doesn't it? but a really good way i like to think of it is, so this is called an ester.
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So i like to think of it as an easter, right? an easter bunny with a basket coming off.
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So just remember, it's like an ether, but it has a carbonsor.
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Binel group attached to an r, and then on the other side of the oxygen, you have another alkyo group.
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And lastly, if you have a c triple bonded to an n coming off, this functional group is called nitrile...