Predict the sign of ΔS^∘ for each of the following reactions. (a) 2 Na(s)+Cl2(g) ⟶2 NaCl(s) (b)

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Predict the sign of ΔS^∘ for each of the following...

Predict the sign of $\Delta S^{\circ}$ for each of the following reactions. (a) $2 \mathrm{Na}(s)+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NaCl}(s)$ (b) $2 \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)$ (c) $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}(g)+3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)$ (d) $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}(s)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)$

Predict the sign of $\Delta S^{\circ}$ for each of the following reactions.
(a) $2 \mathrm{Na}(s)+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NaCl}(s)$
(b) $2 \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)$
(c) $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}(g)+3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)$
(d) $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}(s)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)$

Key Concepts

Effect of Phase on Entropy

The phase of a substance greatly affects its entropy. Generally, gases have the highest entropy due to the increased freedom of movement of particles, liquids have intermediate entropy, and solids have the lowest entropy because their particles are arranged in an ordered lattice. Recognizing the phases involved in a reaction is crucial when predicting the change in entropy.

Effect of Number of Gas Molecules

The number of gas molecules is directly related to the entropy of a system. An increase in the number of gas molecules usually leads to higher disorder and a positive change in entropy, while a decrease results in lower disorder and a negative change in entropy. This concept is key when evaluating chemical reactions that involve gaseous reactants or products.

Entropy

Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. In thermodynamics, a positive change in entropy indicates an increase in disorder, while a negative change indicates a decrease in disorder. This concept is fundamental to understanding how energy is dispersed in physical and chemical processes.

Standard Molar Entropy (?S°)

Standard molar entropy refers to the entropy content of a substance under standard conditions (commonly 1 atm pressure and a specified temperature, usually 298 K). It provides a baseline for comparing the disorder of reactants and products in a chemical reaction, helping predict the overall change in entropy.

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