Toluene, C6 H5 CH3, is a liquid used in the manufacture of...

Toluene, $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$, is a liquid used in the manufacture of TNT. Its normal boiling point is $111.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and its molar heat of vaporization is $35.9 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$. What would be the vapor pressure (torr) of toluene at $75.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

Key Concepts

Heat of Vaporization

The heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required to convert one mole of a liquid into its vapor at constant temperature and pressure. It reflects the strength of intermolecular forces in the liquid phase and is a critical parameter in applying the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is a thermodynamic relation that links the change in vapor pressure with temperature to the enthalpy of vaporization. It provides a method to estimate vapor pressures at different temperatures using known reference data and is fundamental in the study of phase transitions.

Temperature Conversion

Temperature conversion, especially converting temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin, is vital in thermodynamic calculations. Many equations, including the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, require the temperature to be in an absolute scale (Kelvin) to ensure accuracy in modeling phase behavior.

Vapor Pressure

Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid (or solid) phase at a given temperature. It quantifies a substance's tendency to evaporate and is influenced by temperature and the nature of intermolecular forces.

Phase Equilibrium

Phase equilibrium refers to the state in which the rates of transition between different phases (such as liquid to vapor) are equal, resulting in constant macroscopic properties. Understanding phase equilibrium is essential for analyzing conditions where a substance coexists in multiple phases.

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