Underlined carbon is sp^3 hybridized in (a) CH3 CH=CH2 (b) CH3 CH2 NH2 (c) CH3 CONH2 (d) CH3 CH2

step 1 Hi, in this problem, we are given four structures as A, B, C, and D, in which one carbon atom is

Underlined carbon is sp^3 hybridized in (a) CH3 CH=CH2 (b)...

Underlined carbon is $\mathrm{sp}^3$ hybridized in
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}=\underline{\mathrm{CH}}_2$
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \underline{\mathrm{CH}}_2 \mathrm{NH}_2$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \underline{\mathrm{CO}}\mathrm{NH}_2$
(d) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \underline{\mathrm{CN}}$

Key Concepts

Role of Functional Groups

Functional groups, such as alkenes, amines, carbonyls, and nitriles, influence the hybridization of the carbon atoms that comprise them. The bonding context provided by these groups—such as the involvement in pi-bond formation or the presence of electronegative atoms—dictates whether the carbon centers will adopt sp3, sp2, or sp configurations, affecting the overall molecular structure and reactivity.

Determining Hybridization from Structure

Identifying the hybridization of a carbon atom in an organic molecule involves analyzing its bonding environment; specifically, counting the regions of electron density such as sigma bonds and lone pairs. A carbon with four sigma bonds indicates sp3 hybridization, whereas the presence of double or triple bonds typically suggests sp2 or sp hybridization, respectively.

sp3 Hybridization

sp3 hybridization occurs when one s orbital mixes with three p orbitals, resulting in four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals arranged in a tetrahedral geometry with bond angles of approximately 109.5°. This situation is typically found in saturated carbons that form four single bonds and have no involvement in pi-bonding.

Hybridization

Hybridization is the process by which atomic orbitals mix to form new, equivalent hybrid orbitals that are suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds. In carbon chemistry, the type of hybridization—sp, sp2, or sp3—determines the geometry and bond angles around the carbon atom, which in turn influences the physical and chemical properties of the molecule.

Transcript

Please give Ace some feedback