What is the major product obtained from the addition of HBr...

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Key Concepts

Electrophilic Addition Reaction

This is a reaction where an electrophile, such as the proton (H+) from HBr, adds to the ? bond of an alkene. The addition occurs through the formation of an intermediate state, typically a carbocation, which is then attacked by the bromide ion (Br–) to form the final product.

Carbocation Stability

The stability of the intermediate carbocation greatly influences the outcome of the reaction. More substituted carbocations (tertiary > secondary > primary) are more stable due to better electron donation through hyperconjugation and inductive effects, making the pathway that forms the most stable carbocation the preferred one.

Markovnikov's Rule

Markovnikov's rule states that in the addition of a protic acid (HX) to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents while the halide attaches to the carbon with fewer hydrogens (and more alkyl substituents), following the pathway that leads to the more stable carbocation intermediate.

Radical Mechanism (Anti-Markovnikov Addition)

Under conditions with peroxides, the addition of HBr to alkenes can proceed via a radical mechanism rather than a carbocation intermediate. This mechanism reverses the regioselectivity (anti-Markovnikov addition), leading to the bromine atom adding to the less substituted carbon.

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