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When fumarate reacts with $\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ in the presence of the enzyme fumarase, only one isomer of the product is formed. Its structure is shown. Is the enzyme catalyzing a syn or an anti addition of $\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O} ?$
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In the given product structure, these are the two carbons where the deuterium (D) and the hydroxyl (OH) groups have been added. Show more…
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When fumarate reacts with $\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ in the presence of the enzyme fumarase, only one isomer of the product is formed, as shown here. Is the enzyme catalyzing a syn or an anti addition of $\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O} ?$
Simple enzyme reactions often conform to the equation: \[\mathrm{E}+\mathrm{S} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{ES} \rightarrow \mathrm{EP} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{E}+\mathrm{P}\] where $\mathrm{E}, \mathrm{S},$ and $\mathrm{P}$ are enzyme, substrate, and product, respectively. A. What does ES represent in this equation? B. Why is the first step shown with bidirectional arrows and the second step as a unidirectional arrow? C. Why does E appear at both ends of the equation? D. One often finds that high concentrations of $P$ inhibit the enzyme. Suggest why this might occur. E. If compound $X$ resembles $S$ and binds to the active site of the enzyme but cannot undergo the reaction catalyzed by it, what effects would you expect the addition of $X$ to the reaction to have? Compare the effects of $X$ and of the accumulation of $P$.
The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be slowed down by the presence of an inhibitor (I) that reacts with the enzyme in a rapid equilibrium process. $$\mathrm{E}+\mathrm{I} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{EI}$$ By adding this step to the mechanism for enzyme catalysis on page 641, determine the effect of adding the concentration $\left[\mathrm{I}_{0}\right]$ on the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
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