Which of these covalent bonds are polar, and which are...

Which of these covalent bonds are polar, and which are nonpolar? (Hint: Review Section 3.7B.) (a) $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$ (b) $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$ (c) $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ (d) $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}$ (b) $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ (f) $\quad C-N$ $(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{N}-\mathrm{H}$ (h) $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{O}$

Which of these covalent bonds are polar, and which are nonpolar? (Hint: Review Section 3.7B.)
(a) $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$
(b) $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$
(c) $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$
(d) $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}$
(b) $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$
(f) $\quad C-N$
$(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{N}-\mathrm{H}$
(h) $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{O}$

Key Concepts

Polar Covalent Bond

A polar covalent bond occurs when there is a significant difference in electronegativity between the two atoms forming the bond. This results in an unequal sharing of electrons and the formation of a dipole, characterized by a partial negative charge on the more electronegative atom and a partial positive charge on the less electronegative atom.

Bond Polarity

Bond polarity refers to the unequal distribution of electron density in a covalent bond due to differences in electronegativity between the bonded atoms. When one atom pulls the shared electrons more strongly than the other, a dipole forms, leading to the creation of partial positive and negative charges at either end of the bond.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A nonpolar covalent bond occurs when the bonded atoms have identical or very similar electronegativities, leading to an equal sharing of electrons. In such bonds, there is no significant separation of charge, resulting in a molecule with no permanent dipole moment.

Covalent Bond

A covalent bond is a chemical bond where atoms share pairs of electrons. This sharing allows each atom to achieve a more stable electron configuration, often resembling the nearest noble gas configuration. The concept is fundamental in understanding how atoms connect to form molecules.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly an atom attracts the shared electrons in a bond. Variations in electronegativity between atoms determine the distribution of electron density in a bond, which is crucial in predicting whether a bond will be polar or nonpolar.

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