Which process is spontaneous at 298 K ? a. H2 O(l) ⟶H2 O(g, 1 atm) b. H2 O(l) ⟶H2 O(g, 0.10 a

step 1 Okay, starting with reaction A. We know the reaction quotient is 1. So simply diving into the re

Which process is spontaneous at 298 K ? a. H2 O(l) ⟶H2 O(g,...

Which process is spontaneous at $298 \mathrm{~K}$ ? a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g, 1 \mathrm{~atm})$ b. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g, 0.10 \mathrm{~atm})$ c. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g, 0.010 \mathrm{~atm})$

Which process is spontaneous at $298 \mathrm{~K}$ ?
a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g, 1 \mathrm{~atm})$
b. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g, 0.10 \mathrm{~atm})$
c. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g, 0.010 \mathrm{~atm})$

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Key Concepts

Phase Equilibrium

Phase equilibrium occurs when a system's phases (such as liquid and gas) are in balance, often characterized by equal chemical potentials across phases. At equilibrium, the rates of evaporation and condensation are equal, and the system's macroscopic properties remain constant.

Equilibrium Vapor Pressure

Equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase. It is a critical property in phase transitions, as it indicates the vapor pressure at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance coexist at a given temperature. Deviations from this pressure in a system can drive the phase transition in a spontaneous direction.

Gibbs Free Energy

Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that combines enthalpy and entropy to predict the spontaneity of a process at constant temperature and pressure. A negative change in Gibbs free energy indicates that a process is spontaneous, while a positive change suggests non-spontaneity.

Spontaneity

Spontaneity in thermodynamics refers to whether a process occurs without needing continuous external energy input. It is determined by the sign of the Gibbs free energy change, where processes with a negative free energy change are thermodynamically favored at a given temperature.

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