Write the structures of the organic products that form in each situation. If no reaction occurs,

step 1 Okay, so we want to get the products with thong reactions. The first one is with a diolic acid,

Write the structures of the organic products that form in...

Key Concepts

Organic Reaction Mechanisms

This concept involves the step-by-step description of the process by which reactants convert into products. Understanding these mechanisms helps chemists predict intermediate species, identify rate-determining steps, and determine the stereochemical and regiochemical outcomes of a reaction.

Structural Determination in Organic Chemistry

This key concept is about representing organic molecules accurately using structural formulas. It includes the ability to draw bonds, assign proper connectivity, and represent functional groups in molecules, which is essential for visualizing how molecular structures change during chemical reactions.

Reaction Outcome Prediction

This concept encompasses the methods and analytical reasoning used to foresee the products of a chemical reaction. It involves considering factors such as the reactivity of substrates, the nature of the reagents, solvent effects, and reaction conditions to decide which transformation pathways are most likely to occur, including cases where no reaction takes place.

Functional Group Reactivity

This key concept explains how different functional groups behave under various conditions. Their specific reactivity patterns determine the course of a reaction, influence which bonds are broken or formed, and ultimately shape the structure of the resulting products.

Transcript

00:01 Okay, so we want to get the products with thong reactions.

00:02 The first one is with a diolic acid, with sodium hydroxide in excess.

00:33 Okay, so sodium hydroxide has a, it's a stronger base than propinic acid.

00:39 I mean, the carbosyl acid, and is therefore going to grab peritone.

00:48 Electron is going to go on the oxygen.

00:49 And if we do this twice or in excess, it's going to grab the hydrogen from this carboxic acid, too.

01:13 So you get this structure.

01:18 One is with this ketone, hydrogen gas, and using heat, pressure, and some catalyst.

01:27 Okay, so for the structure, we have a one, two, three, four, five carbon ketone.

01:44 So hydrogen gas is also a reducing agent.

01:47 It can be reused hydrogen gas to reduce alkenes, but it could also be used to reduce a ketone.

01:55 And it's of similar strength to sodium borhydride.

01:58 So an alternative could be sodium borhydride.

02:00 It's going to reduce the ketone to an alcohol.

02:03 It can also be used to reduce aldehydes still, but it can't reduce carbosyl acid.

02:09 Before, the product's going to be to pentanyl.

02:18 Next one is one, the structure.

02:21 We have a methyl group and a purple group attached to an amine.

02:33 And this is reacting with sodium hydroxide.

02:35 I mean, hydroxide.

02:42 Okay, so we do have a positive charge on nitrogen.

02:45 We're just going to make it a better electrophal.

02:47 But even if hydroxide were to attack it, these are both strong bases, so they're not good leaving groups at all.

02:55 I mean, they're probably the strongest bases out of really anything you would encounter.

02:59 Therefore, they're not really going to leave if a nice string gets attacked.

03:03 Therefore, there should be no reaction there.

03:13 And for d, we have an ester.

03:24 So if a three carbon ester...

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