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Amber Pasche

Amber P.

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Callahan ( 2009 ) demonstrated that tai chi can significantly reduce symptoms for individuals with arthritis. Participants were 18 years old or older with doctordiagnosed arthritis. Self-reports of pain and stiffness were measured at the beginning of an eight-week tai chi course and again at the end. Suppose that the data produced an average decrease in pain and stiffness of $M_{D}=8.5$ points with a standard deviation of 21.5 for a sample of $n=40$ participants. a. Use a two-tailed test with $\alpha=.05$ to determine whether the tai chi had a significant effect on pain and stiffness. b. Compute Cohen's $d$ to measure the size of the treatment effect.

Callahan ( 2009 ) demonstrated that tai chi can significantly reduce symptoms for individuals with arthritis. Participants were 18 years old or older with doctordiagnosed arthritis. Self-reports of pain and stiffness were measured at the beginning of an eight-week tai chi course and again at the end. Suppose that the data produced an average decrease in pain and stiffness of $M_{D}=8.5$ points with a standard deviation of 21.5 for a sample of $n=40$ participants. a. Use a two-tailed test with $\alpha=.05$ to determine whether the tai chi had a significant effect on pain and stiffness. b. Compute Cohen's $d$ to measure the size of the treatment effect.

Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

The stimulant Ritalin has been shown to increase attention span and improve academic performance in chil dren with ADHD (Evans et al., 2001). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the drug, a researcher selects a sample of $n=20$ children diagnosed with the disorder and measures each child's attention span before and after taking the drug. The data show an average increase of attention span of $M_{D}=4.8$ minutes with a variance of $s^{2}=125$ for the sample of difference scores. a. Is this result sufficient to conclude that Ritalin significantly improves attention span? Use a onetailed test with $\alpha=.05$ b. Compute the $80 \%$ confidence interval for the mean change in attention span for the population.

The stimulant Ritalin has been shown to increase attention span and improve academic performance in chil dren with ADHD (Evans et al., 2001). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the drug, a researcher selects a sample of $n=20$ children diagnosed with the disorder and measures each child's attention span before and after taking the drug. The data show an average increase of attention span of $M_{D}=4.8$ minutes with a variance of $s^{2}=125$ for the sample of difference scores. a. Is this result sufficient to conclude that Ritalin significantly improves attention span? Use a onetailed test with $\alpha=.05$ b. Compute the $80 \%$ confidence interval for the mean change in attention span for the population.

Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Describe the basic characteristics of an independentmeasures, or a between-subjects, research study.

Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Ackerman and Goldsmith (2011) report that students who study from a screen (phone, tablet, or computer) tended to have lower quiz scores than students who studied the same material from printed pages. To test this finding, a professor identifies a sample of $n=16$ students who used the electronic version of the course textbook and determines that this sample had an average score of $M=72.5$ on the final exam. During the previous three years the final exam scores for the general population of students taking the course averaged $\mu=77$ with a standard deviation of $\sigma=8$ and formed a roughly normal distribution. The professor would like to use the sample to determine whether students studying from an electronic screen had exam scores that are significantly different from those for the general population. a. Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the two variables being examined. b. Using the standard four-step procedure, conduct a two-tailed hypothesis test with $\alpha=.05$ to evaluate the effect of studying from an electronic screen.

Ackerman and Goldsmith (2011) report that students who study from a screen (phone, tablet, or computer) tended to have lower quiz scores than students who studied the same material from printed pages. To test this finding, a professor identifies a sample of $n=16$ students who used the electronic version of the course textbook and determines that this sample had an average score of $M=72.5$ on the final exam. During the previous three years the final exam scores for the general population of students taking the course averaged $\mu=77$ with a standard deviation of $\sigma=8$ and formed a roughly normal distribution. The professor would like to use the sample to determine whether students studying from an electronic screen had exam scores that are significantly different from those for the general population. a. Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the two variables being examined. b. Using the standard four-step procedure, conduct a two-tailed hypothesis test with $\alpha=.05$ to evaluate the effect of studying from an electronic screen.

Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

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INSTANT ANSWER

TABLE B. 5 THE STUDENTIZED RANGE STATISTIC (q)* *The critical values for \( q \) corresponding to \( \alpha=.05 \) (lightface type) and \( \alpha=.01 \) (boldface type). \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline \multirow[b]{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} df for \\ Error Term \end{tabular}} & \multicolumn{11}{|c|}{\( k= \) Number of Treatments } \\ \hline & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 \\ \hline 5 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.64 \\ 5.70 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.60 \\ 6.98 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.22 \\ 7.80 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.67 \\ 8.42 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.03 \\ 8.91 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.33 \\ 9.32 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.58 \\ 9.67 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.80 \\ 9.97 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{r} 6.99 \\ 10.24 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{r} 7.17 \\ 10.48 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{r} 7.32 \\ 10.70 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 6 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.46 \\ 5.24 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.34 \\ 6.33 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{r} 4.90 \\ 7.03 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.30 \\ 7.56 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.63 \\ 7.97 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.90 \\ 8.32 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.12 \\ 8.61 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.32 \\ 8.87 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.49 \\ 9.10 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.65 \\ 9.30 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.79 \\ 9.48 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 7 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.34 \\ 4.95 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.16 \\ 5.92 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.68 \\ 6.54 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.06 \\ 7.01 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.36 \\ 7.37 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.61 \\ 7.68 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.82 \\ 7.94 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.00 \\ 8.17 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.16 \\ 8.37 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.30 \\ 8.55 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.43 \\ 8.71 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 8 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.26 \\ 4.75 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.04 \\ 5.64 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.53 \\ 6.20 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.89 \\ 6.62 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.17 \\ 6.96 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.40 \\ 7.24 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.60 \\ 7.47 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.77 \\ 7.68 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.92 \\ 7.86 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.05 \\ \( \mathbf{8 . 0 3} \) \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 6.18 \\ 8.18 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 9 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.20 \\ 4.60 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.95 \\ 5.43 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.41 \\ 5.96 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.76 \\ 6.35 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.02 \\ 6.66 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.24 \\ 6.91 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.43 \\ 7.13 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.59 \\ 7.33 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.74 \\ 7.49 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.87 \\ 7.65 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.98 \\ 7.78 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 10 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.15 \\ 4.48 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.88 \\ 5.27 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.33 \\ 5.77 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.65 \\ 6.14 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.91 \\ 6.43 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.12 \\ 6.67 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.30 \\ 6.87 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.46 \\ 7.05 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.60 \\ 7.21 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.72 \\ 7.36 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.83 \\ 7.49 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 11 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.11 \\ 4.39 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.82 \\ 5.15 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.26 \\ 5.62 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.57 \\ 5.97 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.82 \\ 6.25 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.03 \\ 6.48 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.20 \\ 6.67 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.35 \\ 6.84 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.49 \\ 6.99 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.61 \\ 7.13 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.71 \\ 7.25 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 12 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.08 \\ 4.32 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.77 \\ 5.05 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.20 \\ 5.50 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.51 \\ 5.84 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.75 \\ 6.10 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.95 \\ 6.32 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.12 \\ 6.51 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.27 \\ 6.67 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.39 \\ 6.81 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.51 \\ 6.94 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.61 \\ 7.06 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 13 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.06 \\ 4.26 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.73 \\ 4.96 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.15 \\ 5.40 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.45 \\ 5.73 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.69 \\ 5.98 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.88 \\ 6.19 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.05 \\ 6.37 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.19 \\ 6.53 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.32 \\ 6.67 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.43 \\ 6.79 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.53 \\ 6.90 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 14 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.03 \\ 4.21 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.70 \\ 4.89 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.11 \\ 5.32 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.41 \\ 5.63 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.64 \\ 5.88 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.83 \\ 6.08 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.99 \\ 6.26 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.13 \\ 6.41 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.25 \\ 6.54 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.36 \\ 6.66 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.46 \\ 6.77 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 15 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.01 \\ 4.17 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.67 \\ 4.84 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.08 \\ 5.25 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.37 \\ 5.56 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.59 \\ 5.80 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.78 \\ 5.99 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.94 \\ 6.16 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.08 \\ 6.31 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.20 \\ 6.44 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.31 \\ 6.55 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.40 \\ 6.66 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 16 & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.00 \\ 4.13 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.65 \\ 4.79 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.05 \\ 5.19 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.33 \\ 5.49 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.56 \\ 5.72 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.74 \\ 5.92 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.90 \\ 6.08 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.03 \\ 6.22 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.15 \\ 6.35 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.26 \\ 6.46 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.35 \\ 6.56 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 17 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.98 \\ 4.10 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.63 \\ 4.74 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.02 \\ 5.14 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.30 \\ 5.43 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.52 \\ 5.66 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.70 \\ 5.85 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.86 \\ 6.01 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.99 \\ 6.15 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.11 \\ 6.27 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.21 \\ 6.38 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.31 \\ 6.48 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 18 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.97 \\ 4.07 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.61 \\ 4.70 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.00 \\ 5.09 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.28 \\ 5.38 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.49 \\ 5.60 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.67 \\ 5.79 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.82 \\ 5.94 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.96 \\ 6.08 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.07 \\ 6.20 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.17 \\ 6.31 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.27 \\ 6.41 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 19 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.96 \\ 4.05 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.59 \\ 4.67 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.98 \\ 5.05 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.25 \\ 5.33 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.47 \\ 5.55 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.65 \\ 5.73 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.79 \\ 5.89 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.92 \\ 6.02 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.04 \\ 6.14 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.14 \\ 6.25 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.23 \\ 6.34 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 20 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.95 \\ 4.02 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.58 \\ 4.64 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.96 \\ 5.02 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.23 \\ 5.29 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.45 \\ 5.51 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.62 \\ 5.69 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.77 \\ 5.84 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.90 \\ 5.97 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.01 \\ 6.09 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.11 \\ 6.19 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.20 \\ 6.28 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 24 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.92 \\ 3.96 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.53 \\ 4.55 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.90 \\ 4.91 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.17 \\ 5.17 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.37 \\ 5.37 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.54 \\ 5.54 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.68 \\ 5.69 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{r} 4.81 \\ 5.81 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.92 \\ 5.92 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.01 \\ 6.02 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.10 \\ 6.11 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 30 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.89 \\ 3.89 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.49 \\ 4.45 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.85 \\ 4.80 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.10 \\ 5.05 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.30 \\ 5.24 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.46 \\ 5.40 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.60 \\ 5.54 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.72 \\ 5.65 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.82 \\ 5.76 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.92 \\ 5.85 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 5.00 \\ 5.93 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 40 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.86 \\ 3.82 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.44 \\ 4.37 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.79 \\ 4.70 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.04 \\ 4.93 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.23 \\ 5.11 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.39 \\ 5.26 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.52 \\ 5.39 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.63 \\ 5.50 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.73 \\ 5.60 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.82 \\ 5.69 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.90 \\ 5.76 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 60 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.83 \\ 3.76 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.40 \\ 4.28 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.74 \\ 4.59 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.98 \\ 4.82 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.16 \\ 4.99 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.31 \\ 5.13 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.44 \\ 5.25 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.55 \\ 5.36 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.65 \\ 5.45 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.73 \\ 5.53 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.81 \\ 5.60 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 120 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.80 \\ 3.70 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.36 \\ 4.20 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.68 \\ 4.50 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.92 \\ 4.71 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.10 \\ 4.87 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.24 \\ 5.01 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.36 \\ 5.12 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.47 \\ 5.21 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.56 \\ 5.30 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.64 \\ 5.37 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.71 \\ 5.44 \end{tabular} \\ \hline\( \infty \) & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.77 \\ 3.64 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.31 \\ 4.12 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.63 \\ 4.40 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 3.86 \\ 4.60 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.03 \\ 4.76 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.17 \\ 4.88 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.28 \\ 4.99 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.39 \\ 5.08 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.47 \\ 5.16 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.55 \\ 5.23 \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} 4.62 \\ 5.29 \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular} Table 29 of R. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Slatisticians, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958. Adapted and reprinted with permission of the Biometrika trustees.

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INSTANT ANSWER

\begin{tabular}{ccc} Group & Sample Mean & Sum of Squares \\ \hline No Sleep Apnea & 0.59 & 0.3240 \\ \hline Untreated Sleep Apnea & 0.45 & 0.4410 \\ \hline Treated Sleep Apnea & 0.31 & 0.2250 \\ \hline \end{tabular} The researchers conducted an analysis of variance, which generated a significant \( F \) ratio. The ANOVA summary table is shown below: \begin{tabular}{lcccc} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{ ANOVA Table } \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{l} Source of \\ Variation \end{tabular} & Sum of Squares & \begin{tabular}{c} Degrees of \\ Freedom \end{tabular} & Mean Square & F \\ \hline Between Treatments & 0.4312 & 2 & 0.2156 & 6.53 \\ \hline Within Treatments & 0.9900 & 30 & 0.0330 & \\ \hline Total & 1.4212 & 32 & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}

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INSTANT ANSWER

The number of scores in each treatment The F-ratio 1. \( \mathrm{n} \) The sum of the scores for each treatment condition 2. \( \mathrm{F} \) The number of treatment 3. \( \mathrm{G} \) conditions The sum of all the scores in 5. \( \mathrm{k} \) the research study 4. \( \mathrm{N} \) The total number of scores 6. \( T \) in the entire study

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TABLE B. 2 THE \( \boldsymbol{t} \) DISTRIBUTION Table entries are values of \( t \) corresponding to proportions in one tail or in two tails combined. Two talls combined \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline & \multicolumn{6}{|c|}{ Proportion in One Tail } \\ \hline & 0.25 & 0.10 & 0.05 & 0.025 & 0.01 & 0.005 \\ \hline \multirow[b]{2}{*}{\( d f \)} & \multicolumn{5}{|c|}{ Proportion in Two Tails Combined } & \\ \hline & 0.50 & 0.20 & 0.10 & 0.05 & 0.02 & 0.01 \\ \hline 1 & 1.000 & 3.078 & 6.314 & 12.706 & 31.821 & 63.657 \\ \hline 2 & 0.816 & 1.886 & 2.920 & 4.303 & 6.965 & 9.925 \\ \hline 3 & 0.765 & 1.638 & 2.353 & 3.182 & 4.541 & 5.841 \\ \hline 4 & 0.741 & 1.533 & 2.132 & 2.776 & 3.747 & 4.604 \\ \hline 5 & 0.727 & 1.476 & 2.015 & 2.571 & 3.365 & 4.032 \\ \hline 6 & 0.718 & 1.440 & 1.943 & 2.447 & 3.143 & 3.707 \\ \hline 7 & 0.711 & 1.415 & 1.895 & 2.365 & 2.998 & 3.499 \\ \hline 8 & 0.706 & 1.397 & 1.860 & 2.306 & 2.896 & 3.355 \\ \hline 9 & 0.703 & 1.383 & 1.833 & 2.262 & 2.821 & 3.250 \\ \hline 10 & 0.700 & 1.372 & 1.812 & 2.228 & 2.764 & 3.169 \\ \hline 11 & 0.697 & 1.363 & 1.796 & 2.201 & 2.718 & 3.106 \\ \hline 12 & 0.695 & 1.356 & 1.782 & 2.179 & 2.681 & 3.055 \\ \hline 13 & 0.694 & 1.350 & 1.771 & 2.160 & 2.650 & 3.012 \\ \hline 14 & 0.692 & 1.345 & 1.761 & 2.145 & 2.624 & 2.977 \\ \hline 15 & 0.691 & 1.341 & 1.753 & 2.131 & 2.602 & 2.947 \\ \hline 16 & 0.690 & 1.337 & 1.746 & 2.120 & 2.583 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.941 \\ 2.921 \end{tabular} \\ \hline 17 & 0.689 & 1.333 & 1.740 & 2.110 & 2.567 & 2.898 \\ \hline 18 & 0.688 & 1.330 & 1.734 & 2.101 & 2.552 & 2.878 \\ \hline 19 & 0.688 & 1.328 & 1.729 & 2.093 & 2.539 & 2.861 \\ \hline 20 & 0.687 & 1.325 & 1.725 & 2.086 & 2.528 & 2.845 \\ \hline 21 & 0.686 & 1.323 & 1.721 & 2.080 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.520 \\ 2.518 \end{tabular} & 2.831 \\ \hline 22 & 0.686 & 1.321 & 1.717 & 2.074 & 2.508 & 2.819 \\ \hline 23 & 0.685 & 1.319 & 1.714 & 2.069 & 2.500 & 2.807 \\ \hline 24 & 0.685 & 1.318 & 1.711 & 2.064 & 2.492 & 2.797 \\ \hline 25 & 0.684 & 1.316 & 1.708 & 2.060 & 2.485 & 2.787 \\ \hline 26 & 0.684 & 1.315 & 1.706 & 2.056 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.479 \\ 2.479 \end{tabular} & 2.779 \\ \hline 27 & 0.684 & 1.314 & 1.703 & 2.052 & 2.473 & 2.771 \\ \hline 28 & 0.683 & 1.313 & 1.701 & 2.048 & 2.467 & 2.763 \\ \hline 29 & 0.683 & 1.311 & 1.699 & 2.045 & 2.462 & 2.756 \\ \hline 30 & \begin{tabular}{l} 0.683 \\ \end{tabular} & 1.310 & 1.697 & 2.042 & \begin{tabular}{l} 2.457 \\ 2.457 \end{tabular} & 2.750 \\ \hline 40 & \begin{tabular}{l} 0.081 \\ 0.681 \end{tabular} & 1.303 & 1.684 & 2.021 & 2.423 & 2.704 \\ \hline 60 & 0.679 & 1.296 & 1.671 & 2.000 & 2.390 & 2.660 \\ \hline 120 & 0.677 & 1.289 & 1.658 & 1.980 & 2.358 & 2.617 \\ \hline\( \infty \) & 0.674 & 1.282 & 1.645 & 1.960 & 2.326 & 2.576 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Table III of R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research, 6th ed. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1974 (previousty published by Oliver and Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh). Copyright 91963 R. A. Fisher and F. Yates. Adapted and reprinted with permission of Pearson Eflucation Limited.

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Do women wait longer than men to receive their orders at coffee shops? This question was studied by an economics major at Middlebury College [Myers, C.K. (2007). Ladies first: A field study of discrimination in coffee shops.] For a sample of customers, data were measured on the following variables: - Wait Time (in seconds) - Gender \( (0= \) male, \( 1= \) female, 2 = other \( ) \) - Age Group \( (0= \) less than \( 25,1=26 \) to \( 40,2= \) over 40\( ) \) - Type of Order (1 = in-person, 2 = online \( ) \)

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\begin{tabular}{|lccc|} \hline & Participant Personality & \\ \hline & Introverted & Extroverted & \\ \hline Introverted Avatar & 22 & 23 & 45 \\ Extroverted Avatar & 16 & 39 & 55 \\ & 38 & 62 & \\ & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}

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\begin{tabular}{ccc} Group & Sample Mean & Sum of Squares \\ \hline No Sleep Apnea & 0.59 & 0.3240 \\ \hline Untreated Sleep Apnea & 0.45 & 0.4410 \\ \hline Treated Sleep Apnea & 0.31 & 0.2250 \\ \hline \end{tabular} The researchers conducted an analysis of variance, which generated a significant \( \mathrm{F} \) ratio. The ANOVA summary table is shown below: \begin{tabular}{lcccc} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{ ANOVA Table } \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{l} Source of \\ Variation \end{tabular} & Sum of Squares & Degrees of \\ Freedom & Mean Square & F \\ \hline Between Treatments & 0.4312 & 2 & 0.2156 & 6.53 \\ \hline Within Treatments & 0.9900 & 30 & 0.0330 & \\ \hline Total & 1.4212 & 32 & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Use Tukey's HSD test with \( \alpha=.01 \) to determine which groups differ significantly from one another. Record your test results in the blanks below.

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TABLE B. 2 THE \( t \) DISTRIBUTION Table entries are values of \( t \) corresponding to proportions in one tail or in two tails combined. \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline & \multicolumn{6}{|c|}{ Prooortion in One Tail } \\ \hline & 0.25 & 0.10 & 0.05 & 0.025 & 0.01 & 0.005 \\ \hline \multirow[b]{2}{*}{ df } & \multicolumn{5}{|c|}{ Proportion in Two Tails Combined } & \\ \hline & 0.50 & 0.20 & 0.10 & 0.05 & 0.02 & 0.01 \\ \hline 1 & 1.000 & 3.078 & 6.314 & 12.706 & 31.821 & 63.657 \\ \hline 2 & 0.816 & 1.886 & 2.920 & 4.303 & 6.965 & 9.925 \\ \hline 3 & 0.765 & 1.638 & 2.353 & 3.182 & 4.541 & 5.841 \\ \hline 4 & 0.741 & 1.533 & 2.132 & 2.776 & 3.747 & 4.604 \\ \hline 5 & 0.727 & 1.476 & 2.015 & 2.571 & 3.365 & 4.032 \\ \hline 6 & 0.718 & 1.440 & 1.943 & 2.447 & 3.143 & 3.707 \\ \hline 7 & 0.711 & 1.415 & 1.895 & 2.365 & 2.998 & 3.499 \\ \hline 8 & 0.706 & 1.397 & 1.860 & 2.306 & 2.896 & 3.355 \\ \hline 9 & 0.703 & 1.383 & 1.833 & 2.262 & 2.821 & 3.250 \\ \hline 10 & 0.700 & 1.372 & 1.812 & 2.228 & 2.764 & 3.169 \\ \hline 11 & 0.697 & 1.363 & 1.796 & 2.201 & 2.718 & 3.106 \\ \hline 12 & 0.695 & 1.356 & 1.782 & 2.179 & 2.681 & 3.055 \\ \hline 13 & 0.694 & 1.350 & 1.771 & 2.160 & 2.650 & 3.012 \\ \hline 14 & 0.692 & 1.345 & 1.761 & 2.145 & 2.624 & 2.977 \\ \hline 15 & 0.691 & 1.341 & 1.753 & 2.131 & 2.602 & 2.947 \\ \hline 16 & 0.690 & 1.337 & 1.746 & 2.120 & 2.583 & 2.921 \\ \hline 17 & 0.689 & 1.333 & 1.740 & 2.110 & 2.567 & 2.898 \\ \hline 18 & 0.688 & 1.330 & 1.734 & 2.101 & 2.552 & 2.878 \\ \hline 19 & 0.688 & 1.328 & 1.729 & 2.093 & 2.539 & 2.861 \\ \hline 20 & 0.687 & 1.325 & 1.725 & 2.086 & 2.528 & 2.845 \\ \hline 21 & 0.686 & 1.323 & 1.721 & 2.080 & 2.518 & 2.831 \\ \hline 22 & 0.686 & 1.321 & 1.717 & 2.074 & 2.508 & 2.819 \\ \hline 23 & 0.685 & 1.319 & 1.714 & 2.069 & 2.500 & 2.807 \\ \hline 24 & 0.685 & 1.318 & 1.711 & 2.064 & 2.492 & 2.797 \\ \hline 25 & 0.684 & 1.316 & 1.708 & 2.060 & 2.485 & 2.787 \\ \hline 26 & 0.684 & 1.315 & 1.706 & 2.056 & 2.479 & 2.779 \\ \hline 27 & 0.684 & 1.314 & 1.703 & 2.052 & 2.473 & 2.771 \\ \hline 28 & 0.683 & 1.313 & 1.701 & 2.048 & 2.467 & 2.763 \\ \hline 29 & 0.683 & 1.311 & 1.699 & 2.045 & 2.462 & 2.756 \\ \hline 30 & 0.683 & 1.310 & 1.697 & 2.042 & 2.457 & 2.750 \\ \hline 40 & 0.681 & 1.303 & 1.684 & 2.021 & 2.423 & 2.704 \\ \hline 60 & 0.679 & 1.296 & 1.671 & 2.000 & 2.390 & 2.660 \\ \hline 120 & 0.677 & 1.289 & 1.658 & 1.980 & 2.358 & 2.617 \\ \hline\( \infty \) & 0.674 & 1.282 & 1.645 & 1.960 & 2.326 & 2.576 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Table III of R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research, 6th ed. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1974 (previously published by Oliver and Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh). Copyright 91963 R. A. Fisher and F. Yates. Adapted and reprinted with permission of Pearson Education Limited.

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Match each of the following descriptions with the corresponding term "A treatment has this if the decision from the hypothesis test is to reject the null hypothesis" a. alternative hypothesis b. type II error c. critical region d. Cohen's d e. type I error f. significant effect g. null hypothesis

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A survey was used to collect data on the political attitudes of college students preceding the 2008 US national election. Data analysis was performed to determine whether males and females differed regarding their plans to vote in the election (the "plan for 2008 election" variable where yes indicates the student plans to vote, no indicates they do not plan to vote, and not sure indicates they have not decided if they will vote or not). The following outputs were obtained from a chi-square analysis: \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ Count } & \multirow{2}{*}{\multicolumn{5}{|c|}{\begin{tabular}{c} Gender * Plan for 2008 Election \\ Crosstabulation \end{tabular}}} & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{ Chi-Square Tests } \\ \hline & & & & & & & & & Asymptotic \\ \hline & & Plan & or 2008 & Election & & Pearson Chi-Square & \( 1.578^{\mathrm{a}} \) & 2 & .454 \\ \hline & & Yes & No & Not Sure & Total & Likelihood Ratio & 1.576 & 2 & .455 \\ \hline Gender & Male & 68 & 19 & 11 & 98 & Linear-by-Linear & .032 & 1 & .859 \\ \hline & Female & 112 & 41 & 13 & 166 & Association & & & \\ \hline Total & & 180 & 60 & 24 & 264 & \( \mathrm{~N} \) of Valid Cases & 264 & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}

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