41. Keratinocytes are the major cellular components of the epidermis. They are found in the four major
epidormal strata: basale, spinosum, granulosum and corneum. Explain the characteristics of and the changes in
the keratinocytes as they journey from the deepest to the most superficial epidermal strata. (10 points;
maximum 10 sentences)
42. Our skin discharges two types of secretions via glands. Explain the similarities and differences across the
three different glands secreting either sweat or sebum (hint: include the specific secretion and secretion
composition, mode of emission, and secretion function). (10 points; maximum 10 sentences)
43. Bone remodeling is a lifelong process that is tightly regulated by factors including hormones that maintain
blood calcium homeostasis. Compare and contrast the processes by which parathyroid hormone versus
calcitonin regulates blood calcium levels. (8 points; maximum 8 sentences)
44. An individual is taken to the hospital after an accidental slip and fall during a hiking trip. X-Ray imaging
revealed that the patient has a completely fractured tibia. After reduction of the broken ends and
immobilization via a cast, the patient is sent home and is advised that it may take between 3-6 months to fully
heal. Identify and describe each of the four stages of bone fracture repair. (12 points; maximum 12 sentences)
45. Almost all diseases affecting the human skeleton is due to the disproportionate activity of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts. This homeostatic imbalance is driven in part by risk factors including poor dietary calcium intake.
Explain the similarities and differences between the key characteristics of and risk factors for osteomalacia
versus osteoporosis. (8 points; maximum 8 sentences)