41. Keratinocytes are the major cellular components of the epidermis. They are found in the four major epidermal strata: basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum. Explain the characteristics of and the changes in the keratinocytes as they journey from the deepest to the most superficial epidermal strata. (10 points maximum; 10 sentences)
42. Our skin discharges two types of secretions via glands. Explain the similarities and differences across the three different glands secreting either sweat or sebum (hint: include the specific secretion and secretion composition, mode of emission, and secretion function). 10 points; maximum 10 sentences)
43. Bone remodeling is a lifelong process that is tightly regulated by factors including hormones that maintain blood calcium homeostasis. Compare and contrast the processes by which parathyroid hormone versus calcitonin regulates blood calcium levels. 8 points; maximum 8 sentences)
44. An individual is taken to the hospital after an accidental slip and fall during a hiking trip. X-Ray imaging revealed that the patient has a completely fractured tibia. After reduction of the broken ends and immobilization via a cast, the patient is sent home and is advised that it may take between 3-6 months to fully heal. Identify and describe each of the four stages of bone fracture repair. 12 points; maximum 12 sentences
45. Almost all diseases affecting the human skeleton are due to the disproportionate activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This homeostatic imbalance is driven in part by risk factors including poor dietary calcium intake versus osteoporosis. (8 points; maximum 8 sentences)