1. Describe scaling relationships. What is isometry, hypoallometry, hyperallometry? Which
traits scale to the power of 1, 2, 3?
2. Describe the process of a heartbeat using all relevant structures, especially SA and AV
nodes and Pukinje fibers.
3. Describe the process of urine formation in the kidney using all relevant structures of a
nephron. How does osmolarity allow for water reabsorption? How and from where is
filtrate formed?
4. How does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System work? Which organs are
involved? What is the system responsible for maintaining?
5. What is the difference between a tropic and nontropic hormone? Be able to describe the
pathway of any hormone we discussed from origin to target cells. Be able to describe the
function of any hormone we discussed.
6. How are action potentials created? What is the process with regard to membrane
potential, sodium, and potassium? Why is there a refractory period and why is there an
undershoot?
7. Describe the process of muscle contraction from nerve impulse (start) to relaxation (end).
8. Compare and contrast animals with external fertilization to those with internal
fertilization. What structures and/or behaviors would you expect to find in each type?
What are the difference(s) in gamete production between the two types?
