4.45. An evaporation-crystallization process of the type described in Example 4.5-2 is used to obtain solid potassium sulfate from an aqueous solution of this salt. The fresh feed to the process contains 19.6 wt% $K_2SO_4$. The wet filter cake consists of solid $K_2SO_4$ crystals and a 40.0 wt% $K_2SO_4$ solution, in a ratio 10 kg crystals/kg solution. The filtrate, also a 40.0% solution, is recycled to join the fresh feed. Of the water fed to the evaporator, 45.0% is evaporated. The evaporator has a maximum capacity of 175 kg water evaporated/s.
(a) Assume the process is operating at maximum capacity. Draw and label a flowchart and do the degree-of-freedom analysis for the overall system, the recycle-fresh feed mixing point, the evaporator, and the crystallizer. Then write in an efficient order (minimizing simultaneous equations) the equations you would solve to determine all unknown stream variables. In each equation, circle the variable for which you would solve, but don't do the calculations.
(b) Calculate the maximum production rate of solid $K_2SO_4$, the rate at which fresh feed must be supplied to achieve this production rate, and the ratio kg recycle/kg fresh feed.
(c) Calculate the composition and feed rate of the stream entering the crystallizer if the process is scaled to 75% of its maximum capacity.
(d) The wet filter cake is subjected to another operation after leaving the filter. Suggest what it might be. Also, list what you think the principal operating costs for this process might be.
(e) Use an equation-solving computer program to solve the equations derived in Part (a). Verify that you get the same solutions determined in Part (b).
5. Mammalian cells can be cultured for a variety of purposes, including synthesis of vaccines. They must be maintained in growth media containing all of the components required for proper cellular function to ensure their survival and propagation. Traditionally, growth media were prepared by blending a powder, such as Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with sterile deionized water. DMEM contains glucose, buffering agents, proteins, and amino acids. Using a sterile (i.e., bacterial-, fungal-,
