19. When we say that one organism has a greater fitness than another organism of the same species, we specifically mean that it: A. lives longer than others of its species. B. competes for resources more successfully than others of its species. C. mates more frequently than others of its species. D. utilizes resources more efficiently than other species occupying similar niches. E. leaves more viable offspring than others of its species. 20. What is the term describing a change in allelic frequencies due to an influx of new members into a population? A. Gene flow B. Genetic drift C. Founder effect D. Selection E. Convergent evolution 21. Which describes brightly colored peacocks mating more frequently than drab peacocks? A. Artificial selection B. Directional selection C. Stabilizing selection D. Disruptive selection E. Sexual selection 22. Which of the following statements is consistent with the punctuated equilibria interpretation of speciation? A. Evolution proceeds at a slow, steady pace. B. Long periods of minor change are interrupted by short bursts of significant change. C. Rapid speciation is caused by population explosions. D. There is an equilibrium between living and extinct species. E. Large populations evolve more quickly than small ones. 23. There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals (early humans) should be placed within the same species as modern humans, or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow (i.e. mating) between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is being employed here? A. Paleontological B. Phylogenetic C. Ecological D. Morphological E. Biological
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How are species defined according to the phylogenetic species concept? A. Populations whose members can interbreed given the opportunity but are reproductively isolated from members of other related populations. B. All the individuals that share a set of characteristics derived from a single common ancestor. C. Populations in an evolutionary lineage whose members interbreed enough to maintain a gene pool in common. 2. Under which circumstance does allopatry occur? A. When populations inhabit geographic areas that do not overlap. B. When interbreeding populations live in the same geographic region. C. When populations living in separate areas interbreed. D. When overlapping populations have separate ecological niches. 3. Which of the following is an example of temporal isolation? A. Sympatric species of coral each release sperm into the water during the brief time that only eggs of their species are being released. B. In birds, sperm from a different species cannot survive the swim to the eggs, dying either in the vagina or in the reproductive tract storage tubes. C. The genitalia of male carabid beetles damage the reproductive tracts of females of other carabid species when mating, preventing fertilization. 4. Which hybrid suffers from a postzygotic ecological viability barrier to reproduction? A. A hybrid male cannot produce sperm. B. A hybrid offspring lives only a short time after birth. C. A hybrid that has problems eating the available food and avoiding predators. D. A hybrid adult does not perform the correct courtship dance. 5. Members of two geographically isolated populations of a species can produce hybrid offspring together in captivity. The hybrid offspring do not perform the correct courting rituals of either parent population and rarely produce offspring of their own. What is likely to happen to the populations? A. Reinforcement will eventually cause the wild populations to become separate species. B. Hybrid inviability will force the hybrid individuals to form their own separate population. C. Mechanical isolation will cause the two populations to remain distinct. 6. What is the term for the type of speciation that happens when reproductive barriers develop between populations because the populations use different resources or live in different parts of a habitat? A. Allopatric speciation. B. Sympatric speciation. C. Parapatric speciation. D. Ecological speciation.
Madhur L.
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of evolution by natural selection? a. Most organisms are capable of producing more offspring than typically survive. b. Populations exhibit phenotypic variation. c. Phenotypic variation influences reproductive success. d. Phenotypic variation within a species is due to inherited characteristics. Polyploidization (the multiplication of the whole chromosome complement so that the cells of an organism have more than two sets of chromosomes) is one of the primary mechanisms of sympatric plant speciation because polyploids are usually unable to interbreed with their diploid ancestors. Which of the following is an example of a post-zygotic barrier to reproduction between a polyploid and its diploid ancestor? a. The polyploid is reproductively isolated from its diploid ancestor because it flowers earlier in the season. b. The polyploid is reproductively isolated from its diploid ancestor species because it has a different number of chromosomes and resulting zygotes have substantial developmental defects as a result of the genomic imbalance. c. Pollen from diploid plants is unable to fertilize the egg on the polyploid. d. Pollinators are ineffective at transferring pollen between the diploid and the polyploid because of the mismatch between the new polyploid flower and the pollinator morphology. Which of the following is an example of a pre-zygotic barrier to reproduction? a. Two species of fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis choose different host species to lay their eggs on as a result of preferences for fruit odor (smell). b. Two species of fruit flies in the genus Drosophila have mechanically incompatible genitalia. c. Two species of fruit flies in the genus Drosophila have gametic incompatibilities. d. Three species of Anopheles (mosquitoes) do not interbreed because they have different optima/tolerances for salinity. One species lives in freshwater, the other in brackish water, and the other in marine waters.
Katlin K.
True/False - If the statement is false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true. 11 After his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Darwin wondered whether similar species form the Galapagos Islands could once have been members of the same species. 12. Darwin came to realize that organisms of the same species are identical to on another. 13. The term “fitness” refers to an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment, contributing genes to the next generation’s gene pool. 14. In 1858, Alfred Wallace sent Charles Darwin a letter proposing a mechanism for evolution that was very similar to Darwin’s. 15. The fact that species today look different from their ancestors can be described as descent with modification.
Adi S.
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