Question 1 A) What happens to an organism that is exposed to a genotoxic insult but has mutation in any of the genes that code for proteins that participate in apoptosis or cell cycle checkpoint work? (2 points) B) In addition to the major proteins that initiate the signal that DNA damage has occurred, there are signal transducer proteins that coordinate the cellular response, and mediators of the cell-cycle checkpoints that appear to be independent of the major initiator proteins. What evidence is there that these mediators can act independently of the initiators? (2 points) What happens if a cell is missing these mediators? (2 points) C) Describe how the cell cycle checkpoint complexes affect each part of interphase (I am looking for the major action, no need to describe the molecular specifics). (3 points) D) What happens to an organism that is exposed to a genotoxic insult but has mutation in any of the genes that code for proteins that participate in apoptosis or cell cycle checkpoint work? (2 points)
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Question 1 A) What happens to an organism that is exposed to a genotoxic insult but has mutation in any of the genes that code for proteins that participate in apoptosis or cell cycle checkpoint work? (2 points) B) In addition to the major proteins that initiate the signal that DNA damage has occurred, there are signal transducer proteins that coordinate the cellular response, and mediators of the cell-cycle checkpoints that appear to be independent of the major initiator proteins. What evidence is there that these mediators can act independently of the initiators? (2 points) What happens if a cell is missing these mediators? (2 points) C) Describe how the cell cycle checkpoint complexes affect each part of interphase (I am looking for the major action, no need to describe the molecular specifics). (3 points)
Adi S.
13) In genetic terms (consider the chromosomes and total genetic information), how does a somatic cell (i.e., a body cell) differ from a gamete (i.e., a reproductive cell)? 14) Suppose a eukaryotic cell, for some reason, proceeded directly from the G1 phase of interphase to the mitotic phase. Could it successfully complete mitosis? Why or why not? 15) Diploid cells have pairs of homologous chromosomes. The word homologous means 'same information'. a) Where do the homologous chromosomes come from? Why do they occur in pairs? b) In what sense do homologous chromosomes contain the same information? 16) Provide the correct information on the drawing of a cell in mitosis. Name the structure or answer the question. a) (Entire structure) b) (1 fiber) c) (Chromosomes stick together) d) (Fibers attach) e) What protein forms a) and b)? f) What mitotic phase is represented? 17) It is obvious that the reproduction of cells in an organism must be tightly controlled. We learned about 3 ways in which cell replication may be inhibited. List and define these 3 ways. 18) In lecture mention was made of a phenomenon called programmed cell death, i.e., the intentional destruction of cells by an organism. Can you think of any situations in which it would be desirable for an organism to intentionally destroy its own cells?
Sri K.
Explain how the cell cycle control system works and what the major checkpoints (molecular brakes) in the cell cycle mean. Define and describe the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and cyclins in the cell cycle control system. Indicate the reactions that control the cell cycle. What is the role of Cdk inhibitor proteins? Provide examples. Explain how the cell cycle can be arrested or dismantled at specific checkpoints. For M-Cdk to be active, it must be at one site and at other sites. What is the role of Cdc25 and the inhibitory kinase (Wee 1) during the M phase? What is the role of p53 and p21 when the DNA is damaged? Describe one way in which mitogens stimulate cell proliferation by inhibiting the Rb protein. Explain how S-Cdk initiates DNA replication and blocks re-replication. What is chromosome condensation? What role do cohesins and condensins play in mitosis? Describe how cytoskeletal filaments play a role in both mitosis and cytokinesis. What cytoskeletal filaments are found in the mitotic spindle, contractile ring, and nuclear lamina? Define and describe the role of the centrosome, aster, mitotic spindle, spindle poles, and kinetochores in mitosis. Describe the 4 stages of the M phase (mitosis). We will use the 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase for quiz or exam purposes. What is dynamic instability?
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