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5. Locate the three pairs of salivary glands on an anatomical model. a. Describe the location of each pair of glands. Are these glands classified as endocrine glands or exocrine glands? Explain. b. Locate the parotid duct. What is the function of this duct? 6. Identify the liver on an anatomical model. a. Use your lecture notes and/or text to briefly describe five functions of the liver. b. Identify the right and left lobes in an anterior view. What structure separates these two lobes and anchors the liver to the anterior body wall? c. Identify the caudate and quadrate lobes in an inferior view. The gallbladder is located in a depression within which lobe? d. Identify the porta hepatis. Which structures enter or exit the liver at the porta hepatis? 7. Identify the common hepatic duct, the gallbladder, and the cystic duct on an anatomical model. The cystic duct fuses with the common hepatic duct to form the Sketch and label the following structures to illustrate the flow of bile from the time it is synthesized by the liver until it reaches the duodenum: liver, gallbladder, cystic duct, hepatic ducts, common bile duct, and common hepatic duct. 8. Identify the head, body, and tail of the pancreas on an anatomical model. Describe the appearance of the pancreatic duct and state its function. Add the duodenum and pancreas to your sketch in question #7. Label the head, body, tail and main pancreatic duct of the pancreas. Microscopic Anatomy of the Digestive System We have seen that the alimentary canal is a continuous low tube starting at the oral cavity and ending at the anus. When magnified, the wall of most alimentary canal organs can be seen to consist of four layers (or tunics): from innermost to outermost, the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (Figure 27-13). The mucosa (or lining) consists of epithelial tissue separated from an underlying lamina propria by a basement membrane. This layer also contains a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae. The surface of the mucosa is generally covered with a layer of mucus that protects underlying epithelium from the effects of digestive enzymes and HCl. The submucosa, which surrounds the mucosa, is a layer of connective tissue containing abundant blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands. The muscularis externa, which surrounds the submucosa, typically contains an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer of smooth muscle tissue. These layers contract alternately to produce rhythmic peristaltic contractions, which act to the digestive contents along the alimentary canal. The muscularis externa is regulated by groups of nerves called myenteric plexus of the enteric

5. Locate the three pairs of salivary glands on an anatomical model.
a. Describe the location of each pair of glands.
Are these glands classified as endocrine glands or exocrine glands? Explain.
b. Locate the parotid duct.
What is the function of this duct?
6. Identify the liver on an anatomical model.
a. Use your lecture notes and/or text to briefly describe five functions of the liver.
b. Identify the right and left lobes in an anterior view.
What structure separates these two lobes and anchors the liver to the anterior body wall?
c. Identify the caudate and quadrate lobes in an inferior view.
The gallbladder is located in a depression within which lobe?
d. Identify the porta hepatis.
Which structures enter or exit the liver at the porta hepatis?
7. Identify the common hepatic duct, the gallbladder, and the cystic duct on an anatomical model.
The cystic duct fuses with the common hepatic duct to form the
Sketch and label the following structures to illustrate the flow of bile from the time it is synthesized by the liver until it reaches the duodenum: liver, gallbladder, cystic duct, hepatic ducts, common bile duct, and common hepatic duct.
8. Identify the head, body, and tail of the pancreas on an anatomical model.
Describe the appearance of the pancreatic duct and state its function.
Add the duodenum and pancreas to your sketch in question #7. Label the head, body, tail and main pancreatic duct of the pancreas.
Microscopic Anatomy of the Digestive System
We have seen that the alimentary canal is a continuous low tube starting at the oral cavity and ending at the anus. When magnified, the wall of most alimentary canal organs can be seen to consist of four layers (or tunics): from innermost to outermost, the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (Figure 27-13).
The mucosa (or lining) consists of epithelial tissue separated from an underlying lamina propria by a basement membrane. This layer also contains a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae. The surface of the mucosa is generally covered with a layer of mucus that protects underlying epithelium from the effects of digestive enzymes and HCl. The submucosa, which surrounds the mucosa, is a layer of connective tissue containing abundant blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands. The muscularis externa, which surrounds the submucosa, typically contains an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer of smooth muscle tissue. These layers contract alternately to produce rhythmic peristaltic contractions, which act to the digestive contents along the alimentary canal. The muscularis externa is regulated by groups of nerves called myenteric plexus of the enteric

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