Boris Magasanik collected data on the proportion of each base in RNA from different species. To compare the relative amount of each base among the sources, he standardized the value of adenine to 10. Relative amounts of the other bases were calculated based on this value for adenine. The data are shown below. Normalized Ratio A G C U Organism and Tissue 10 14.8 14.7 12.0 Rat liver nuclei 10 14.3 12.0 8.0 Rabbit liver nuclei 10 12.9 9.5 9.8 Cat brain 10 13.6 21.0 14 Carp muscle 10 13.1 19.0 9.5 Yeast 10 14.0 11.0 12.9 (a) Calculate the ratio of purines to pyrimidines. Enter your answer as a decimal. (b) For rabbit liver nuclei, calculate the ratio of purines to pyrimidines.
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13. Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? 14. What produces the directionality of the DNA molecule? 15. Draw the monomer that makes up a DNA polynucleotide. 16. Describe the "backbone" of DNA. What makes up the backbone and how are the units joined together? 17. What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside? Draw each. 18. Draw each of the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. On each drawing, indicate where the base would bind to another nitrogenous base. Also, on each, indicate where the base would bind to the backbone. 19. DNase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of covalent bonds in DNA. Describe what would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNase? 20. Chargaff collected data on the propostions of different organisms and tissues. Data from the DNA analyzed are present below: a. For each organism, compute the ratio of (A+G)/(T+C) AND the ratio of (A+T)/(C+G) b. Are these ratios constant or do they vary among the organisms? Explain your answer for EACH ratio.
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