Consider how the following behaviors, characteristics, or facts affect the risk for CVD, especially CHD. Determine whether each increases, decreases, or has no effect on the risk for CVD/CHD. Drag the appropriate behaviors, characteristics, or facts to their respective bins. having elevated LDL cholesterol levels being exposed to secondhand smoke having reduced HDL cholesterol levels being a premenopausal woman living a sedentary lifestyle having elevated HDL cholesterol levels participating in regular vigorous exercise choosing running rather than swimming for exercise having excess abdominal fat/'apple' shape eating a diet low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium and high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables Increases Risks for CVD/CHD Decreases Risks for CVD/CHD Has No effect on CVD/CHD Risk
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A 52-year-old executive was referred to our clinic for risk factor management after undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) as part of an Executive Physical. He has no history of coronary artery disease and exercises regularly without experiencing anginal symptoms. His family history is notable for a myocardial infarction (MI) in his father at the age of 52 years. He is a lifelong smoker. He does not take medications. His blood pressure was 110/75. His exam was notable for being overweight with a BMI of 27, but was otherwise unremarkable. His total cholesterol is 206 mg/dL, HDL-C is 46 mg/dL, triglycerides are 178 mg/dL, calculated LDL-C is 124 mg/dL, and non-HDL-C is 160 mg/dL. His fasting glucose is 86 mg/dL. His Hgb A1c is 5.6%. STUDY QUESTIONS: 1. Relate lipids to the development of atherosclerosis? 2. Based on the case, what are the risk factors of developing atherosclerosis? Explain each. 3. What diet can you recommend to help improve the condition from atherosclerosis of the subject, give your rationale. 4. In addition to the intervention of the diet, what are other interventions to the patient's management? Explain. 5. Explain the role of HDL and LDL in atherosclerosis.
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Cholesterol Researchers have found that the risk of coronary heart disease rises as blood cholesterol increases. This risk may be approximated by the function $$R(c)=3.19(1.006)^{c}, \quad 100 \leq c \leq 300$$ where $R$ is the risk in terms of coronary heart disease incidence per 1000 per year, and $c$ is the cholesterol in mg/dL. Suppose a person's cholesterol is 180 $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{d} \mathrm{L}$ and going up at a rate of 15 $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}$ per year. At what rate is the person's risk of coronary heart disease going up? Source: Circulation.
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