Correct answers are hidden score for this quiz 517 out of 16...

Name: correct answers are hidden score for this quiz 517 out of 16 submitted oct 1 at 901pm partial pt took 27 minutes question 1 05 1 pts scli 1 identify peer reviewed and non peer reviewed liter 32095
Uploaded: 2022-07-04T03:15:55-08:00
Duration: 18 min 52 s
Channel: Suman K
Description: correct answers are hidden score for this quiz 517 out of 16 submitted oct 1 at 901pm partial pt took 27 minutes question 1 05 1 pts scli 1 identify peer reviewed and non peer reviewed liter 32095

The Case Study in Cancer Part I Ann is a 27-year-old nurse working at the local hospital in surgery. She had worked hard to move into the specialty, and she was enjoying her career, friends, and family. She and her partner had been living together for about a year, and she was content. As a nurse, Ann knew the importance of doing breast self-exams, and did them regularly. In the shower one morning, she felt a lump she wasn't familiar with. Ann was a bit worried, even though there was no history of breast cancer in her family, so she made an appointment with her doctor. If Ann has a tumor in her breast, is it necessarily cancerous? Differentiate between a benign tumor and cancer at the cellular level. INSERT ANSWER Part II Ann's doctor is worried enough to send her to a breast cancer specialist, just to be safe. Ann makes an appointment and is referred for a mammogram, which will image the soft tissue in the breast. After the mammogram and an exam, she meets with the surgeon, Dr. Hernandez. Dr. Hernandez is also concerned, as she felt and has images from the mammogram of a small tumor. She recommends a biopsy of the tumor as soon as possible. Ann goes in the same day for the quick surgical procedure where a needle is inserted and part of the tumor is taken for analysis. The tumor will be analyzed by a pathologist, a specialist in looking for disease in tissue samples. The pathologist examines the cells taken from the tumor, particularly the number of cells in mitosis. Below are the results. In normal breast cells, one would expect 0-4 cells per 10 high-powered field of view (microscopy) undergoing mitosis. Based on the above results, what can you conclude about the tumor cells? Can you say definitively that they are cancerous? Be sure to support your answer with the data above. INSERT ANSWER The pathologist also looks for three receptors on the tumor cells: estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2 receptors. What type of macromolecule class are cell receptors? What is the monomer? INSERT ANSWER What is the role of cell receptors in cellular function? INSERT ANSWER Ann's tumor was positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors, but negative for the HER2 receptor. What is the role of estrogen receptors on a cell? Remember to cite your sources using APA Style. INSERT ANSWER Part III Dr. Hernandez sits down with Ann and her partner. The doctor is sorry to report that Ann has breast cancer; however, because it was caught early and responds to estrogen and progesterone, the prognosis is good. At this point, it looks like the cancer is stage 1. However, as Ann is young, the doctor wants to perform a couple of tests. The first test is a genetic sequencing test for BRCA1 and BRCA2, as well as testing for other genes known to increase the risk of cancer. The other test is an Oncotype DX test on the tumor cells. This is a gene expression test, where the results correlate with how aggressive the cancer cells are. Ann is overwhelmed but wants to do everything she can to get rid of this disease. As a result of your discussions, you know that mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of breast cancer. Because of this, a positive test for these mutations would mean different treatment for Ann, including removal of both her breasts (bilateral mastectomy) as well as her ovaries to prevent ovarian cancer. Ann decides to have the test done, but she is a little hazy on the biology of DNA. Describe the basic structure and function of a gene. INSERT ANSWER At the molecular level, what is a mutation? Are all mutations harmful? What type of mutation does not lead to a change in protein structure? INSERT ANSWER The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method that can be used to detect mutations. It uses machinery similar to your cells to replicate a specific DNA sequence, which in this case would be only the mutated gene. Describe the basic process of DNA replication in a cell. INSERT ANSWER Also, as a result of your discussion, you know that the expression of genes can change in cancerous cells versus noncancerous cells. The Oncotype test will look at the expression levels of several genes in her tumor cells by looking at the mRNA produced. What role does mRNA play in the flow of information in the cell? (Hint: Remember the central dogma of molecular biology.) Please include the basic flow of information in the cell. INSERT ANSWER Cancer cells and noncancerous cells may have almost identical DNA; however, gene expression can change. Explain the concept of differential gene expression using cancer versus noncancerous cells as an example. INSERT ANSWER This Oncotype test uses microarray analysis to determine gene expression. Explain to Ann what a microarray is. INSERT ANSWER The results of Ann's Oncotype test showed a decrease in the expression of BRCA1. How can this decrease lead to an increase in cell division? (Hint: What is the normal role of BRCA1?) INSERT ANSWER Both these tests take time and will inform Ann's treatment plan for the best possible outcome. While she is waiting for results, Ann begins to research the main types of treatments that are available to treat breast (and many other) cancers. One of these is chemotherapy. There are many types of chemotherapy, but in general: How does chemotherapy work? INSERT ANSWER What are some side effects of chemotherapy? INSERT ANSWER Based on your knowledge of chemotherapy and cell division, why do you think chemotherapy leads to these side effects? INSERT ANSWER Part IV Dr. Hernandez calls Ann with the test results a couple of weeks later. She is negative for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, which is good news. But her Oncotype score is borderline high, meaning the cancer is somewhat aggressive, and chemotherapy will decrease the chance that cancer recurs elsewhere in her body and increase her chances of survival long term. The surgeon recommends a medical oncologist to start chemotherapy, who in turn recommends a course of chemotherapy that includes paclitaxel, also known as Taxol. What cell structure does Taxol target? INSERT ANSWER What are the functions of this structure in the cell? INSERT ANSWER How does the targeting of this structure treat cancer? INSERT ANSWER Part V After four rounds of chemotherapy and a unilateral mastectomy, Ann was exhausted but relieved to be through the worst of treatment. Radiation was not necessary, and the cancerous cells had not spread to any of her lymph nodes. These were all good signs that the cancer was caught early and had not spread. Ann was back to work, and aside from some fatigue, things were slowly getting back to normal (or as normal as they ever would be again). Ann and her partner were to be married in a year. They figured if they could get through this, they could get through anything together. Ann was excited to get on with planning the rest of her life! Why is it a good sign that cancerous cells had not spread to her lymph nodes? INSERT ANSWER What does metastatic mean in cancer diagnosis? Based on the above information, had Ann's cancer metastasized? Support your answer. INSERT ANSWER Thanks

Suman K.

Transcript

00:01 Hi, the given question from cancer.

00:08 So now a tumor can be benign, not dangerous, not dangerous to the health, or it can be malignant has potential to dangerous.

00:47 Benign tumor are not considered as the cancer.

00:50 Their cells are close to normal in appearance they grow slowly and they do not invade near by tissue or spray to other part of the body but malignant tumor are cancer so benign tumor has distinct smooth regular border a malignant tumor has irregular border it has a irregular border and grow faster than a benign tumor a malignant tumor can also spray to other part of your body a benign tumor can be quite large but it will not invade tissues or spread to other part of the body sometimes a tumor is made of cells that are not a threat to invade other tissues this is considered a benign tumor so based on the data of the anna's researcher would claim that her tumor may be cancerous considered considering the 139 cells in the mitosis averages that is 0 to 4 cells so this is a type of cancer next that is the astrogen receptor receptors that is er and progestron receptor that is pr also called as pgr may found in the breast cancer cells.

03:12 So cancer cells with this receptor depend on estrogen and related hormones such as progesterone to grow.

03:20 So two domain of the progestron receptor that is interact with the interact with the astrogen receptor are required for the progestron activation of the csrc erk pathway in the mammalian cell the monomer is that that is flavonoid monomers are the potent and the non -toxic and selective modulator of the breast cancer resistance protein a b, c, g2.

04:39 Receptor and the proteins, next that is, receptors and the proteins in or on cells that can attach to the certain substance in the blood.

05:05 So normal breast can breast cell, breast cells and some breast cancer cell receptors that attach to the hormone that is astrogen and the progestron and need hormone for the cells to the growth.

05:50 Astrogen progestron play leading role in orchestrating the proper development and function of the breast tissue high level of this hormone are associated with the pregnancy and appear to be responsible for diminished risk for the breast cancer among the woman and the in normal that is the her 2 helps the control cell growth as to r to negative means in breast cancer cell that as to r to h .e .r .2 negative.

06:34 It may go grow more slowly and are less likely to recur, come back or spread to other part of the body than cancer cells that have a large amount of h2r2 on their surface.

06:50 Next that is the brca to brca to mutation increase the risk of cancer development.

06:58 So inheriting faculty versions or variants of the gene significantly raise the risk of the risk.

07:05 Risk of the developing cancer because the altered genes cannot repair the damaged cell, which can build and form a tumor.

07:41 So brc a1 and the brc a2 are the example of the genes that can raise the cancer.

07:57 Risk if it become altered...

Question

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