Florence Nightingale gathered the following data in 1855. Population Sampled Deaths from Contagious Diseases Englishmen (in general population) 0.2% English soldiers (in England) 18.7% English soldiers (in Crimean War) 42.7% English soldiers (in Crimean War) after Nightingale's sanitary reforms 2.2% Discuss how Nightingale used the three basic types of epidemiological investigation. The contagious diseases were primarily cholera and typhus; how are these diseases transmitted and prevented?
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First, we need to understand the three basic types of epidemiological investigations: descriptive, analytical, and experimental. Descriptive epidemiology involves the collection and analysis of data on the distribution of diseases in a population, including Show more…
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Florence Nightingale gathered the following data in 1855. Deaths from Population Sampled Contagious Diseases Englishmen (in general population) 0.2% English soldiers (in England) 18.7% English soldiers (in Crimean War) 42.7% English soldiers (in Crimean War) after Nightingale's sanitary reforms 2.2% Discuss how Nightingale used the three basic types of epidemiological investigation. The contagious diseases were primarily cholera and typhus; how are these diseases transmitted and prevented?
Sri K.
What was the age distribution of nurses in Great Britain at the time of Florence Nightingale? Thanks to Florence Nightingale and the British census of 1851 , we have the following information (based on data from the classic text Notes on Nursing, by Florence Nightingale). Note: In 1851 there were 25,466 nurses in Great Britain. Furthermore, Nightingale made a strict distinction between nurses and domestic servants. $$ \begin{array}{l|ccccccc} \hline \text { Age range (yr) } & 20-29 & 30-39 & 40-49 & 50-59 & 60-69 & 70-79 & 80+ \\ \hline \text { Midpoint } x & 24.5 & 34.5 & 44.5 & 54.5 & 64.5 & 74.5 & 84.5 \\ \hline \begin{array}{l} \text { Percent of } \\ \text { nurses } \end{array} & 5.7 \% & 9.7 \% & 19.5 \% & 29.2 \% & 25.0 \% & 9.1 \% & 1.8 \% \\ \hline \end{array} $$ (a) Using the age midpoints $x$ and the percent of nurses, do we have a valid probability distribution? Explain. (b) Use a histogram to graph the probability distribution of part (a). (c) Find the probability that a British nurse selected at random in 1851 was 60 years of age or older. (d) Compute the expected age $\mu$ of a British nurse contemporary to Florence Nightingale. (e) Compute the standard deviation $\sigma$ for ages of nurses shown in the distribution.
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1. Tuberculosis and cholera are agents that are single celled organisms with no nucleus these are examples of: a. Viruses b. Prions c. Parasites d. Bacteria e. Fungi 2. A major problem with cohort studies is that: a. Subjects may not follow prescribed behavior throughout study period b. Both exposure and disease are known at baseline c. Control group may not be truly comparable. d. None of the above are the correct answer for the question 3. Measuring the new and existing cases of disease in a community is would be called: a. Incidence b. Attack Rates c. Mortality d. Prevalence 4. True or false: Nazi experimentation on humans and the Tuskegee syphilis study has led to reforms and policy that have helped to protect participants in experimental studies. 5. True or False: Information on the distribution, as it relates to person, place and time, of disease gives clues about the determinants of disease.
Anitha M.
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