Foregut Midgut Hindgut Absinitial Absfinal Absinitial Absfinal Absinitial Absfinal a-Amylase 0.85 0.74 0.79 0.71 0.82 0.808 Proteinase 0.62 0.556 0.623 0.522 0.639 0.623 Lipase 0.913 0.907 0.898 0.89 0.934 0.909 The results of the digestive enzyme assays are shown above. Use this data to complete Worksheet 10. A. B. C. casein A. B. C. starch A. B. C. tributyrin A. amylase B. lipase C. protease QUESTION 18 Where within the digestive tract was the highest concentration of amylase detected? [2 pt] midgut foregut hindgut QUESTION 19 Where within the digestive tract was the highest concentration of proteinase detected? [2 pt] hindgut foregut midgut QUESTION 20 What data were collected from Exercise 10.3? [2 pt] The change in absorbance measured at a specific wavelength. The rate of substrate hydrolysis (mg/min) was measured by radial diffusion. The enzyme concentrations (ug/mL) were calculated from the standard curve. The enzyme concentrations (ug/mL) were plotted against the diameter (mm) of the zone of hydrolysis. QUESTION 21 Which of the following best expresses the conclusion drawn from an analysis and interpretation of the data from Exercise 10.3? [2 pt] Amylase concentration was highest in the foregut. Proteinase concentration was highest in the midgut. Lipase concentration was highest in the hindgut. The concentration of digestive enzymes was highest in the foregut and steadily decreased to the hindgut. The concentration of digestive enzymes was lowest in the foregut and steadily increased to the hindgut. The concentration of digestive enzymes was evenly distributed throughout the digestive tract.
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31) Which digestive enzyme is produced in the pancreas and is responsible for the breakdown of protein into peptides? A) peptidase B) pancreatic amylase C) maltase D) trypsin 32) What are the potential consequences if a person has their gallbladder removed? A) The liver will stop producing bile because it won't have any place to store it. This means that they will have a decreased ability to emulsify the fats found within the small intestine. B) The liver will stop producing bile because it won't have any place to store it. This means that they will have a decreased ability to digest the proteins found within the small intestine. C) Their body will not be able to store the excess bile produced by the liver. This means that they will have a decreased ability to emulsify the fats found within the small intestine. D) Their body will not be able to store the excess bile produced by the liver. This means that they will have a decreased ability to emulsify the fats found within the stomach.
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Select the accessory organs that deposit secretions directly into the duodenum. (Select multiple) Appendix Gallbladder Jejunum Stomach Salivary Glands Pancreas QUESTION 2 Accessory organs are not a part of the digestive tract, and therefore do not play an important role in digestion. As indicated by their "accessory" name if removed digestion will continue successfully unimpeded. True False QUESTION 3 Match the location to the appropriate statement. Liver Gallbladder Intestines A. Where bile is active in aiding in digestion B. Where bile is produced C. Where bile is concentrated and stored QUESTION 4 What is the function of bile? Neutralize acidic chyme. Enzymatically break down fats. Mechanically separate out fats to assist in their enzymatic digestion. Emulsification. Denature proteins. QUESTION 5 What does the pancreas release to help neutralize acidic chyme in the small intestines? Glucagon Bile Nucleases Bicarbonate QUESTION 6 Which of the following both regulates blood sugar through its endocrine functions, and aids in neutralizing acid and providing digestive enzymes through its exocrine functions? Stomach Liver Duodenum Pancreas QUESTION 7 The pancreas provides enzymes to help digest which of the following? (Select multiple) Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins QUESTION 8 What enzymes are found in saliva? (Select multiple) Mouth bile Tongue pepsin Salivary Amylase Lingual Lipase QUESTION 9 Which of the following are true of the Gallbladder? (Select multiple) The gallbladder releases water into the intestines to help neutralize acidic chyme. The gallbladder produces bile. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. The gallbladder releases bile into the duodenum. QUESTION 10 Which of the following are true of the pancreas? (Select multiple) The pancrease releases bicarbonate and enzymes into the duodenum. The pancreas is a part of the digestive tract. Much like the thymus the pancreas atrophies and is largely non-functional as an adult. The pancreas is found posterior and inferior to the stomach. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
Measurement of Intracellular Metabolite Concentrations Measuring the concentrations of metabolic intermediates in a living cell presents great experimental difficulties - usually a cell must be destroyed before metabolite concentrations can be measured. Yet enzymes catalyze metabolic interconversions very rapidly, so a common problem associated with these types of measurements is that the findings reflect not the physiological concentrations of metabolites but the equilibrium concentrations. A reliable experimental technique requires all enzyme-catalyzed reactions to be instantaneously stopped in the intact tissue so that the metabolic intermediates do not undergo change. This objective is accomplished by rapidly compressing the tissue between large aluminum plates cooled with liquid nitrogen $\left(-190^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right),$ a process called freeze-clamping. After freezing, which stops enzyme action instantly, the tissue is powdered and the enzymes are inactivated by precipitation with perchloric acid. The precipitate is removed by centrifugation, and the clear supernatant extract is analyzed for metabolites. To calculate intracellular concentrations, the intracellular volume is determined from the total water content of the tissue and a measurement of the extracellular volume. The intracellular concentrations of the substrates and products of the phosphofructokinase-1 reaction in isolated rat heart tissue are given in the table below. Metabolite $$\begin{array}{lc} & \text { Concentration }(\mu \mathbf{M})^{\mathbf{a}} \\ \hline \text { Fructose } 6 \text { -phosphate } & 87.0 \\ \text { Fructose } 1,6 \text { -bisphosphate } & 22.0 \\ \text { ATP } & 11,400 \\ \text { ADP } & 1,320 \\ \hline \end{array}$$ Source: Data from J. R. Williamson, J. Biol. Chem. 240:2308, 1965. a Calculated as $\mu$ mol/mL of intracellular water. (a) Calculate $Q, \text { [fructose } 1,6-\text { bisphosphate }][\mathrm{ADP}] /[\text { fructose } 6-\text { phosphate }][\mathrm{ATP}],$ for the PFK-1 reaction under physiological conditions. (b) Given a $\Delta G^{\prime \circ}$ for the PFK- 1 reaction of $-14.2 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$, calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction. (c) Compare the values of $Q$ and $K_{\mathrm{eq}}^{\prime} .$ Is the physiological reaction near or far from equilibrium? Explain. What does this experiment suggest about the role of PFK-1 as a regulatory enzyme?
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