Three physical forces are involved in glomerular filtration: glomerular capillary blood pressure, plasmacolloid osmotic pressure, and Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure. The glomerular capillary blood pressure is the force that favors filtration while the other two forces oppose filtration. The net difference favoring filtration is called the net filtration pressure. This pressure forces fluid from the blood through the highly permeable glomerular membrane. The actual rate of filtration is called glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The unit for GFR is milliliters per minute. Because net filtration pressure that accomplishes glomerular filtration is due to an imbalance of the opposing physical forces, alterations in any of these physical forces can affect the GFR. Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure and Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure are not subject to regulation and, under normal conditions, do not vary much. However, they can change pathologically and thus inadvertently affect the GFR. 1. Define: a. glomerular capillary blood pressure b. plasma-colloid osmotic pressure c. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure d. net filtration pressure e. glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 2. What is the role of the afferent arteriole in kidney function? 3. Consider the five circumstances below separately. For each, decide how (increase, decrease, no change) each factor changes compared to "normal." Provide a reason for your responses.
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The figure below shows the components of a nephron located within the kidneys. Alcohol impairs the pituitary gland, which controls how much water is reabsorbed by the nephrons. The hormone produced by the pituitary gland, anti-diuretic hormone, increases water reabsorption by the kidney. How would impairment of this hormone likely affect the various components of the nephron pictured below? a. Absorption of water from the filtrate would decrease, indicated by decreased loss of water in the descending loop of Henle, increased solute secretion into the distal tubule, and decreased water absorbtion in the collecting duct. b. Absorption of water from the filtrate would decrease, indicated by decreased loss of water in the ascending loop of Henle, increased solute secretion into the distal tubule, and increased water absorption in the collecting duct. c. Absorption of water from the filtrate would decrease, indicated by decreased loss of water in the ascending loop of Henle, increased solute secretion into the distal tubule, and decreased water absorbtion in the collecting duct. d. Absorption of water from the filtrate would decrease, indicated by decreased loss of water in the descending loop of Henle, increased solute secretion into the distal tubule, and increased water absorption in the collecting duct.
Blood pressure forces water and small solutes into Bowman's capsule during _____________. a. glomerular filtration c. tubular secretion b. tubular reabsorption d. both a and $c$
The glomerular filtration rate would be decreased by (a) Constriction of the efferent arteriole (b) An increase in afferent arteriolar pressure (c) Compression of the renal capsule (d) An increase in the renal blood flow
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