12. Exocrine glands, smooth muscles in bronchioles and vasculature, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the a. enteric nervous system. b. central nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. d. somatic motor division. 13. Neurotransmitters are released from the a. axon terminals. b. synapse. c. collaterals. d. axon hillock. 14. The resting membrane potential results from a. uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only. b. differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ only. c. activity of the sodium/potassium pump only. d. uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+. 15. What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons open or close in response to changes in membrane potential ($V_m$)? a. ligand-gated channels b. voltage-gated channels c. mechanical stretch channels d. leak channels 16. What type of cells helps form the blood brain barrier? a. microglia b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. Schwann cells 17. When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, a. K+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. b. K+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes c. K+ enters the neuron. d. K+ leaves the neuron. e. the neuron depolarizes.
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The blood-brain barrier is formed by a specific type of cell. The options given are microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and Schwann cells. The correct answer is: $\boxed{\text{astrocytes}}$ Show more…
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12. Exocrine glands, smooth muscles in bronchioles and vasculature, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the a. enteric nervous system. b. central nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. d. somatic motor division. 13. Neurotransmitters are released from the a. axon terminals. b. synapse. c. collaterals. d. axon hillock. 14. The resting membrane potential results from a. uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only. b. differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ only. c. activity of the sodium/potassium pump only. d. uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+. 15. What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons open or close in response to changes in membrane potential (Vm)? a. ligand-gated channels b. voltage-gated channels c. mechanical stretch channels d. leak channels 16. What type of cells helps form the blood brain barrier? a. microglia b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. Schwann cells 17. When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, a. K+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. b. K+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes c. K+ enters the neuron. d. K+ leaves the neuron. e. the neuron depolarizes.
Adi S.
2. Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate. This would result in: (1) Inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nervous stimulation (2) Increased muscle stimulation (3) Increased acetylcholinesterase production (4) Lack of calcium uptake by the muscle fiber. 3. The structure that is analogous to the Z-line of skeletal muscle is the ______ of smooth muscle. The structure that is analogous to troponin of skeletal muscle is ______ of smooth muscle. 4. Draw a synapse between 2 neurons. Label the following: Presynaptic neuron, Postsynaptic neuron, Synaptic vesicles, Voltage-regulated calcium channel, Chemical-regulated sodium channel. 5. Draw a diagram of the preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and effector for both Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System. indicate which neurotransmitter is released by each neuron and label the receptors at all locations for the neurotransmitter. 6. Which cells have a resting membrane potential? Which cells can have an action potential? 7. Circle which of the following choices pertain to a Graded Potential. (1) Localized or Widespread (2) Gradations or All-or-None (3) Threshold or Not (4) Short distance or Long distance.
Acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction by the axonal terminal. The action potential, carried deep into the cell, causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions. The muscle cell relaxes and lengthens. Bind to receptors on the sarcolemma. The calcium ion concentration at the myofilaments increases; the myofilaments slide past one another, and the cell shortens. As calcium is actively reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its concentration at the myofilaments decreases. The following incomplete statements refer to a muscle cell in the resting, or polarized, state just before stimulation. Complete each statement by choosing the correct response from the key choices and entering the appropriate letter. Key Choices: A. Na+ diffuses out of the cell, B. K+ diffuses out of the cell, C. Na+ diffuses into the cell, D. K+ diffuses into the cell, E. Inside the cell, F. Outside the cell, G. Relative ionic concentrations on the two sides of the membrane during rest, H. Electrical conditions, I. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump, which moves K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell, J. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump, which moves Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell. There is a greater concentration of Na+ (1), and there is a greater concentration of K+ (2). When the stimulus is delivered, the permeability of the membrane is changed, and (3), initiating the depolarization of the membrane. Almost as soon as the depolarization wave begins, a repolarization wave follows it across the membrane. This occurs as (4). Repolarization restores the (5) of the resting cell membrane. The (6) is (are) reestablished by (7).
Supreeta N.
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