Multiple Answer 10 points Acute kidney injury (AKI) pathology includes which of the following? (Select 3 that apply) Obstructed outflow of urine Decreased renal perfusion Chronic diuretic use Diabetes Nephrotoxic agents including drugs (ie. NSAIDS)
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P.W. is 23 years old. He was the victim of a hit-and-run auto-pedestrian accident and suffered multiple abrasions, a concussion, and a deep laceration of his left thigh. He was discovered approximately 2 hours after the incident and is now in the emergency department. P.W.'s vital signs and hematocrit suggest that he has had a blood loss of about 2500 ml. A urinary catheter is inserted to monitor urine output, and fluid resuscitation is initiated while his wounds are cleaned and sutured. The urine output is averaging 15 ml/hr, with a high urine osmolality and low urine sodium. Analyze this case study and answer the next four questions that follow. Case-3: Question-4 If P.W.'s renal function does not return to normal, but continues to be diminished, what renal disorder might develop? (select all that apply) A) He may develop nephrotic syndrome B) He may develop renal calculi. C) He may progress to acute tubular necrosis. D) He may develop pyelonephritis
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A patient has insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which has damaged her kidney's filtration membrane. As the disease has progressed, the edema she experiences has worsened. Why? A) Liver damage prevents her from making sufficient plasma proteins, thus lowering her BCOP. B) Kidney damage allows some of her plasma proteins to be excreted, thus lowering her BCOP. C) Kidney damage allows little fluid to accumulate in the Bowman's capsule, lowering her CHP. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct. 5) The Filtration Membrane is composed of A) endothelial cells B) basement membrane C) simple squamous epithelial cells (podocytes) D) all of the above are correct E) none of the above are correct 6) The functional units of the kidney are: A) nephrons B) minor calyx C) renal pelvis D) bladder E) all of the above are correct 7) Once the filtrate enters the _________________, then it is called urine A) distal convoluted tubule B) collecting duct C) minor calyx D) Bowman's capsule E) none of the above are correct 8) A blood laboratory finding for a patient with chronic renal failure is: A) increased creatinine B) decreased creatinine C) increased water D) decreased urea E) all of the above are correct 9) ADH will influence _____________________, at the distal convoluted tubule A) sodium reabsorption by aquaporins opening B) water reabsorption by aquaporins opening C) water reabsorption by sodium reabsorption occurring first D) all of the above are correct E) none of the above are correct 10) Aldosterone will influence _____________________, at the distal convoluted tubule A) sodium reabsorption by aquaporins opening B) water reabsorption by aquaporins opening C) water reabsorption by sodium reabsorption occurring first D) all of the above are correct
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