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Question 1. A case-control study was conducted in Atlanta Metro area to determine an association between exposure to radiation from medical imaging and the risk of breast cancer. The study found a strong association (OR=10) between medical radiation exposure and the risk of breast cancer. Which of the following issues should the researchers consider when making their study conclusions about causality? Choose all that apply. This is an observational study and therefore causality can be established. An odds ratio of 10 demonstrates a strong association between the radiation and breast cancer but cannot definitely provide causality. A prospective cohort study with a relative risk of 10 on its own would be enough to establish causality. Question 2. A cross-sectional study aimed to determine relationships between breast feeding and post-partum depression among mothers of infants. The study found that breast feeding was positively associated (OR=4) with the prevalence of post-partum depression. Which of the following issues should the researchers consider when making their study conclusions about causality? Choose all that apply. This is a cross-sectional study that cannot establish causality. The association is strong, supporting causality. It is suspected that the results of this study reflect a distorted association due to confounding. Question 3. A cohort study examined the relationships between maternal smoking during pregnancy and paternal smoking around the pregnancy period and the risk of childhood brain tumors. Women were recruited at the first trimester and asked to report their smoking status. Then at delivery, women were asked to report their smoking status. The same questionnaire was administered to the fathers at the same time point. Children were followed up for 10 years to ascertain brain tumors. No association was found with maternal smoking, whereas paternal smoking was associated with the increased risk of brain tumors in children. Which of the following issues should the researchers consider when making their study conclusions about causality? Choose all that apply. The biological consequences of maternal smoking to the developing fetus are likely to be greater as opposed to paternal (second-hand) smoking. It is difficult to establish temporal sequence of exposure and outcome from this study. Since smoking is a known risk factor for lung cancer but not for childhood brain tumors, the association with paternal smoking could be spurious.

          Question 1. A case-control study was conducted in Atlanta Metro
area to determine an association between exposure to radiation from
medical imaging and the risk of breast cancer. The study found a
strong association (OR=10) between medical radiation exposure and
the risk of breast cancer. Which of the following issues should the
researchers consider when making their study conclusions about
causality? Choose all that apply.
This is an observational study and therefore causality can be
established.
An odds ratio of 10 demonstrates a strong association between
the radiation and breast cancer but cannot definitely provide
causality.
A prospective cohort study with a relative risk of 10 on its
own would be enough to establish causality.
Question 2. A cross-sectional study aimed to determine
relationships between breast feeding and post-partum depression
among mothers of infants. The study found that breast feeding was
positively associated (OR=4) with the prevalence of post-partum
depression. Which of the following issues should the researchers
consider when making their study conclusions about causality?
Choose all that apply.
This is a cross-sectional study that cannot establish
causality.
The association is strong, supporting causality.
It is suspected that the results of this study reflect a
distorted association due to confounding.
Question 3. A cohort study examined the relationships between
maternal smoking during pregnancy and paternal smoking around the
pregnancy period and the risk of childhood brain tumors. Women were
recruited at the first trimester and asked to report their smoking
status. Then at delivery, women were asked to report their smoking
status. The same questionnaire was administered to the fathers at
the same time point. Children were followed up for 10 years to
ascertain brain tumors. No association was found with maternal
smoking, whereas paternal smoking was associated with the increased
risk of brain tumors in children. Which of the following issues
should the researchers consider when making their study conclusions
about causality? Choose all that apply.
The biological consequences of maternal smoking to the
developing fetus are likely to be greater as opposed to paternal
(second-hand) smoking.
It is difficult to establish temporal sequence of exposure and
outcome from this study.
Since smoking is a known risk factor for lung cancer but not
for childhood brain tumors, the association with paternal smoking
could be spurious.

Added by Thomas S.

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