6. Which statement about chromosome separation and movement is true? According to the Mandelkow paper, roles of dynein diseases typically involve defective transport of cell components, transport of pathogens, or cell division. The mitotic spindle can lead to mutations and disease associated with protein structure mutations according to Noatynskha et al. Kinesins move towards the beta subunit end of the microtubule and Dyneins move towards the alpha subunit end of the microtubule. Microtubule elongation occurs at the ends with mainly shown alpha-subunits on a microtubule.
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Which of the following statements is true when thinking about chromosome movement? Microtubules attach to the kinetochores during early prophase. The microfilaments pull the chromosomes back and forth until they align in a plane along the equator of the cell, which is called the longitudinal plane. Astral microtubules attach to the chromosomes and move the chromatids. The kinetochore is composed of proteins that assemble on the centromere and provide a site for the microfilaments to attach. One mechanism for movement is the use of motor proteins kinesin and dynein by kinetochores.
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Q6.5. Which statement below is TRUE? Crossing over shuffles genes between non-homologous chromosomes. During meiosis, cells arrange their alleles so that beneficial alleles are passed on together. Without crossing over, offspring would be genetically identical to parents. New combinations of alleles arise from the random events of crossing over, independent assortment, and mutation. Q6.6. What statement below is TRUE of the spindle during mitosis and meiosis? The spindle always separates sister chromatids during anaphase. The spindle always separates homologous chromosomes during anaphase. Chromosomes are always attached to both spindle poles during metaphase. The spindle always attaches to chromosomes at the kinetochore.
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SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Although both ends of a microtubule can gain or lose subunits, one end (called the plus end) polymerizes and depolymerizes at a higher rate than the other end (the minus end). For spindle microtubules, the ends are in the center of the spindle, and the minus ends are at the poles. Motor proteins that move along microtubules specialize in walking either toward the plus end or toward the minus end; the two types are called plus end-directed and minus end-directed motor proteins, respectively. Given what you know about chromosome movement and spindle changes during anaphase, predict which type of motor proteins would be present on (a) kinetochore microtubules and (b) nonkinetochore microtubules.
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