Question

BIOTECHNOLOGY (20 pts) 40. Prior to recombinant DNA technology, the insulin required to treat diabetes was obtained from the pancreases of slaughtered farm animals. Because the insulin was from other species, some humans developed immune responses or allergic reactions to it. As recombinant gene technology advanced, researchers explored the possibility of incorporating the human insulin gene into a plasmid that could be transformed into E. coli. If this technology was successful, the E. coli would produce human insulin that could be harvested from the bacterial culture medium. Researchers first needed to isolate the gene for insulin. To do this, they isolated mRNA (rather than DNA) from the beta cells of human pancreas tissue. Using reverse transcriptase, they made double-stranded DNA molecules that were complementary to the mRNA molecules they extracted the pancreas cells. a. Based on what you know about eukaryotic chromosomes and genes, why did researchers choose to isolate mRNA rather than DNA? b. What further adjustments might researchers need to make in the DNA molecules produced by reverse transcriptase before the molecules could be incorporated into bacterial plasmids? c. Not all the DNA molecules produced by reverse transcriptase from pancreatic mRNA contained the gene for insulin. Some contained other genes. What mechanisms can be used to locate those bacterial colonies that picked up plasmids containing any of the genes produced by reverse transcriptase from pancreatic mRNAs? d. What mechanisms can be used to locate bacterial colonies that picked up only plasmids containing the insulin gene? POPULATION GENETICS (20 pts) 41. What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theory? 42. In each of the following scenarios state which assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theory is being violated and justify your answer. a. In a particular region of the coast, limpets (a type of mollusc) live on near-shore habitats that are uniformly made up of brown sandstone rock. The principle predators of these limpets are shorebirds. The limpets occur in two morphs, one with light-colored shell and one with a dark-colored shell. The shore birds hunt by sight and are able to see the light limpets on the dark sandstone more easily than the dark limpets. b. In Chen caerulescens, a species of goose, the white body form (the snow goose) and the blue body form (the blue goose) occasionally coexist. In these areas of contact, white-by-white and blue-by-blue matings are much more common than white-by-blue matings. c. Prior to Mongolian invasions that occurred between the 6th and 16th centuries, the frequency of blood type B across Europe was close to zero. The frequency of blood type B among the Monguls was relatively high. Today, it is possible to see fairly high frequencies of blood type B in the Eastern European countries and a gradual decrease in frequency of blood type B as one moves from Easter European countries to the Western European countries such as France and England.

BIOTECHNOLOGY (20 pts)
40. Prior to recombinant DNA technology, the insulin required to treat diabetes was obtained from the pancreases of slaughtered farm animals. Because the insulin was from other species, some humans developed immune responses or allergic reactions to it. As recombinant gene technology advanced, researchers explored the possibility of incorporating the human insulin gene into a plasmid that could be transformed into E. coli. If this technology was successful, the E. coli would produce human insulin that could be harvested from the bacterial culture medium.
Researchers first needed to isolate the gene for insulin. To do this, they isolated mRNA (rather than DNA) from the beta cells of human pancreas tissue. Using reverse transcriptase, they made double-stranded DNA molecules that were complementary to the mRNA molecules they extracted the pancreas cells.
a. Based on what you know about eukaryotic chromosomes and genes, why did researchers choose to isolate mRNA rather than DNA?
b. What further adjustments might researchers need to make in the DNA molecules produced by reverse transcriptase before the molecules could be incorporated into bacterial plasmids?
c. Not all the DNA molecules produced by reverse transcriptase from pancreatic mRNA contained the gene for insulin. Some contained other genes. What mechanisms can be used to locate those bacterial colonies that picked up plasmids containing any of the genes produced by reverse transcriptase from pancreatic mRNAs?
d. What mechanisms can be used to locate bacterial colonies that picked up only plasmids containing the insulin gene?

POPULATION GENETICS (20 pts)
41. What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theory?
42. In each of the following scenarios state which assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theory is being violated and justify your answer.
a. In a particular region of the coast, limpets (a type of mollusc) live on near-shore habitats that are uniformly made up of brown sandstone rock. The principle predators of these limpets are shorebirds. The limpets occur in two morphs, one with light-colored shell and one with a dark-colored shell. The shore birds hunt by sight and are able to see the light limpets on the dark sandstone more easily than the dark limpets.
b. In Chen caerulescens, a species of goose, the white body form (the snow goose) and the blue body form (the blue goose) occasionally coexist. In these areas of contact, white-by-white and blue-by-blue matings are much more common than white-by-blue matings.
c. Prior to Mongolian invasions that occurred between the 6th and 16th centuries, the frequency of blood type B across Europe was close to zero. The frequency of blood type B among the Monguls was relatively high. Today, it is possible to see fairly high frequencies of blood type B in the Eastern European countries and a gradual decrease in frequency of blood type B as one moves from Easter European countries to the Western European countries such as France and England.

BIOTECHNOLOGY (20 pts)
40. Prior to recombinant DNA technology, the insulin required to treat diabetes was obtained from the pancreases of slaughtered farm animals. Because the insulin was from other species, some humans developed immune responses or allergic reactions to it. As recombinant gene technology advanced, researchers explored the possibility of incorporating the human insulin gene into a plasmid that could be transformed into E. coli. If this technology was successful, the E. coli would produce human insulin that could be harvested from the bacterial culture medium.
Researchers first needed to isolate the gene for insulin. To do this, they isolated mRNA (rather than DNA) from the beta cells of human pancreas tissue. Using reverse transcriptase, they made double-stranded DNA molecules that were complementary to the mRNA molecules they extracted the pancreas cells.
a. Based on what you know about eukaryotic chromosomes and genes, why did researchers choose to isolate mRNA rather than DNA?
b. What further adjustments might researchers need to make in the DNA molecules produced by reverse transcriptase before the molecules could be incorporated into bacterial plasmids?
c. Not all the DNA molecules produced by reverse transcriptase from pancreatic mRNA contained the gene for insulin. Some contained other genes. What mechanisms can be used to locate those bacterial colonies that picked up plasmids containing any of the genes produced by reverse transcriptase from pancreatic mRNAs?
d. What mechanisms can be used to locate bacterial colonies that picked up only plasmids containing the insulin gene?

POPULATION GENETICS (20 pts)
41. What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theory?
42. In each of the following scenarios state which assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theory is being violated and justify your answer.
a. In a particular region of the coast, limpets (a type of mollusc) live on near-shore habitats that are uniformly made up of brown sandstone rock. The principle predators of these limpets are shorebirds. The limpets occur in two morphs, one with light-colored shell and one with a dark-colored shell. The shore birds hunt by sight and are able to see the light limpets on the dark sandstone more easily than the dark limpets.
b. In Chen caerulescens, a species of goose, the white body form (the snow goose) and the blue body form (the blue goose) occasionally coexist. In these areas of contact, white-by-white and blue-by-blue matings are much more common than white-by-blue matings.
c. Prior to Mongolian invasions that occurred between the 6th and 16th centuries, the frequency of blood type B across Europe was close to zero. The frequency of blood type B among the Monguls was relatively high. Today, it is possible to see fairly high frequencies of blood type B in the Eastern European countries and a gradual decrease in frequency of blood type B as one moves from Easter European countries to the Western European countries such as France and England.

Added by Miguel S.

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