Question

Texts: Answer the following "cause-effect" true/false questions using the answer key: A: Only statement A is true. B: Only statement B is true. C: Both statements A and B are true, but B is not the exclusive cause of A. D: Both statements A and B are true, and B is the exclusive cause of A. E: Neither statement A nor B is true. Question 7: A. Controlling motor symptoms is one of the goals of PD treatment because B. Non-motor symptoms are relatively rare until the advanced stages of PD. Question 8: A. Changes within the brain are rarely present in the preclinical or prodromal stage of PD because B. Early changes associated with the prodromal stage of PD might stem from changes in the gut enteric nerves. Question 9: A. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area may be particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress because B. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area undergo autonomous cytosolic calcium oscillations. Question 10: A. Use of L-DOPA over time can lead to drug-induced side effects such as involuntary muscle movements because B. L-DOPA dosing is complicated by its long half-life. Question 11: A. PD may cause increased activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system because B. Accumulation of alpha-synuclein oligomers increases the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system to increase degradation. Question 12: A. Monoamine Oxidase Type B (MAOB) inhibitors increase the amount of L-DOPA reaching the central nervous system because B. MAOB inhibitors prevent the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in peripheral tissues. Question 13: A. Loss of dopaminergic input to the striatum leads to bradykinesia because B. The striatum directly innervates the efferent motor neurons of the spinal cord. Question 14: A. PD is usually more common in men than in women because B. Most cases of PD are caused by a monogenetic, sex-linked recessive allele.

Texts: Answer the following "cause-effect" true/false questions using the answer key:

A: Only statement A is true.
B: Only statement B is true.
C: Both statements A and B are true, but B is not the exclusive cause of A.
D: Both statements A and B are true, and B is the exclusive cause of A.
E: Neither statement A nor B is true.

Question 7: A. Controlling motor symptoms is one of the goals of PD treatment because
B. Non-motor symptoms are relatively rare until the advanced stages of PD.

Question 8: A. Changes within the brain are rarely present in the preclinical or prodromal stage of PD because
B. Early changes associated with the prodromal stage of PD might stem from changes in the gut enteric nerves.

Question 9: A. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area may be particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress because
B. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area undergo autonomous cytosolic calcium oscillations.

Question 10: A. Use of L-DOPA over time can lead to drug-induced side effects such as involuntary muscle movements because
B. L-DOPA dosing is complicated by its long half-life.

Question 11: A. PD may cause increased activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system because
B. Accumulation of alpha-synuclein oligomers increases the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system to increase degradation.

Question 12: A. Monoamine Oxidase Type B (MAOB) inhibitors increase the amount of L-DOPA reaching the central nervous system because
B. MAOB inhibitors prevent the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in peripheral tissues.

Question 13: A. Loss of dopaminergic input to the striatum leads to bradykinesia because
B. The striatum directly innervates the efferent motor neurons of the spinal cord.

Question 14: A. PD is usually more common in men than in women because
B. Most cases of PD are caused by a monogenetic, sex-linked recessive allele.

Added by Michelle G.