2. The peptidoglycan is a cell wall polymer and the enzyme lysozyme inhibits the formation of: A. Teichoic acid B. Lipopolysaccharide C. Backbone which is composed of two amino sugars (N-acetylglucosamine and N- Acetyl muramic acid D. Tetrapeptide side chains E. peptide cross bridges 3. The process by which a bacteriophage (virus) carries a small fragment of the chromosome or a plasmid from one bacterial cell to another is called: A. Transformation B. Conjugation C. Transduction D. Transfection 4. Most bacteria reproduce by: A. Budding B. Conjugation C. Spores D. Binary Fission (transverse fission) 5. Infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae can be treated with: A. Penicillin B. Cephalosporins C. Ampicillin D. Tetracycline 6. Escherichia coli: A. is a gram-negative bacilli B. has a cell wall that contains an endotoxin C. is a gram-positive bacilli D. A and B E. B and C
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A. 1. Describe the structure of peptidoglycan. 2. Describe in detail the architecture and structure of the Gram-negative cell wall. 3. Discuss how the Gram-positive cell wall is different from the Gram-negative wall structure. 4. What are teichoic acids and their location? Provide the role of teichoic acids in bacterial cells. B. 1. Describe the appendages of bacterial cells. 2. Explain how motility is accomplished in bacterial cells. 3. What are pilin and the role of pili and fimbriae? 4. Describe the structure of flagella. 5. What are plasmids and explain the different types of plasmids found in bacterial cells? Include the properties as well as the role/functions of plasmids.
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Which of the following are NOT ideal antibacterial drug targets? (select ALL that apply) a. Peptidoglycan b. 60S ribosome c. Cell membrane d. DNA/RNA e. 50S ribosome f. Chitin g. Folic acid synthesis Which of the following antibiotics target bacterial cell walls? (select all that apply) a. Penicillin b. Tetracycline c. Macrolide d. Cephalosporin e. Metronidazole f. Vancomycin g. Trimethoprim h. Chloramphenicol i. Rifampin Which of the following antibiotics target bacterial protein synthesis? (select all that apply) a. Penicillin b. Tetracycline c. Macrolide d. Cephalosporin e. Metronidazole f. Vancomycin g. Trimethoprim h. Chloramphenicol i. Rifampin
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Which structures listed below are used to attach flagella to Gram-Negative bacteria? a. Pair of rings associated with the peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide layers b. Shaft embedded in the peptidoglycan layer c. Pair of rings embedded in the cell membrane d. Inner protein ring embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane Why does the concept of cell wall deficient bacteria (protoplasts and spheroplasts) still continue to be of concern and require further investigation? a. Release of antibiotic pressure allows for regeneration of cell walls b. Cell wall deficient bacteria can survive in blood and reproduce c. Fusion of cell walls forms syncytia with altered pathogenic potential d. Experimental models of early life on earth
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