1. Mutations activate proto-oncogenes and cause a gain of function. What does this mean? 2. Mutations inactivate tumor-suppressor genes, causing a loss of function. What does this mean? What does loss of heterozygosity mean? 3. What are the different types of tumor markers and give an example of each.
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- Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that promote cell growth and division in a controlled way. - Mutations can convert them to oncogenes, causing them to be permanently active or overactive. - This results in a gain of function: enhanced signaling for Show more…
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Answer the following questions : a. how is p53 related to oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes? b. How is a mutated oncogene analogous to a 100-point weight on the gas pedal of a car? c. Relate this to the retroviral mechanism of transformation d. How does the car analogy apply to a mutated tumor suppressor gene?
Madhur L.
(A) Overactivity Mutation (Gain of Function) A single mutation event creates an oncogene in a normal cell. This activating mutation enables the oncogene to promote cell transformation. (B) Underactivity Mutation (Loss of Function) Mutation event inactivates tumor suppressor gene. No effect of mutation in one gene copy. Second mutation event inactivates second gene copy. Two inactivating mutations functionally eliminate the tumor suppressor gene, promoting cell transformation. cells en route to cancer
Sri K.
How are loss of function and gain of function mutations relevant to cancer development? Which of these occurs as a result of a mutation? A. no effect B. loss of activity C. change in activity. What is the difference between a transition mutation and a transversion mutation? What is a missense mutation? How does it differ from a nonsense mutation? Identify at least two ways that a frame-shift mutation may occur. What is a loss of stop mutation? What other types of mutations may affect gene expression besides mutations in coding sequences? Identify four types of chromosomal rearrangements. Identify two ways that transposable elements may introduce mutations. What is an example of a spontaneous mutation? What is an example of an induced mutation? What kinds of things can induce mutations? What happens if cellular repair mechanisms fail to repair mismatches that result from mutations? What types of mutations may be beneficial in some way (think of two)? Describe the link between some mutations and metabolic diseases. Why do expanding triplet repeats happen? Why does every mutation to a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene not necessarily lead to cancer?
Adi S.
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