2. What are the advantages of the pollen grain over flagellated sperm? The pollen grain needs a less specific environment to survive while the flagellated sperm needs an aquatic environment. 3. Which part of the pine life cycle represents the sporophyte? zygote to formation of megasporocyte & Microsporocyte (gametophytic generation) 4. Which part of the pine life cycle represents the microgametophyte and the megagametophyte generations and where are they located? Gametophytic generation, Mega - in the nucleus of ovuleus. Micro - at the base of sporophyll. 5. What is the advantage of evergreen leaves? Why are evergreen leaves usually needle-like or covered with a thick protective cuticle? They act as protection for contained organisms. air pollution barrier, and the shape & protective cuticle aid the plant in harsh (cold) environments. They help with shedding snow while leaving the leaves healthy. 6. Complete the following chart. | | # of species | Habitat | Monoecious or dioecious? | Distinguishing features (at least 2) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Cycads | | | | | | Gnetophytes | | | | | | Gingkos | | | | | | Conifers | | | | |
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What do pollen grains contain? What is pollination? What are advantages of pollen? What are the evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores? What are the two key traits of angiosperms? Describe the four types of floral organs. What are the five key traits of nearly all plants? 1) Alternation of generations; 2) Multicellular, dependent embryos); 3) Walled spores produced in sporangia; 4) Multicellular gametangia: 5) Apical meristems. Plants also have cuticle, a waxy covering of the epidermis; stomata, openings controlled by guard cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant; and mycorrhizae, symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants. What does a fruit develop from? What are the two main types of fruits? What is the function of fruits? What are the various fruit adaptations that enhance the survival of fruits and the seeds contained within them? What are the features of animal-pollinated flowers that make these flowers attractive to animal pollinators? Characteristics of a flower often correlate with its pollinator. These correlations are called pollination syndromes, and these include: Scent, flower shape, and flower color. Plants are autotrophs that sustain themselves, do not usually consume organic molecules derived from other organisms, and through the process of photosynthesis, convert CO2 and H2O to sugars and other organic molecules. Define: photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs (heterotrophs). What is chlorophyll? What is the function of chlorophyll? What is mesophyll? What is the function of stomata?
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A pollen grain is a A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) male gamete Which of the following cells is associated with ground tissue system, form the bulk of many plant organs, including an apple that you eat, and is totipotent. A) sclerenchyma B) parenchyma C) collenchyma D) fibers The movement of xylem sap relies on the A) ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other (cohesion and tension) B) active transport C) evaporation of water from the leaf surface D) Both A and B are correct E) Both A and C are correct Root hairs are associated with which region of the root? A) zone of cellular division B) zone of cellular elongation C) zone of cellular maturation D) all of the preceding regions have functional root hairs Wood consists of accumulated A) primary xylem B) primary phloem C) secondary xylem D) secondary phloem Two lateral meristems in plants are A) vascular cambium, producing cork; cork cambium producing secondary phloem B) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem C) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork D) vascular cambium, producing secondary phloem; cork cambium, producing secondary xylem If you hammer a nail into the trunk of a tree 2 meters above the ground when the tree is 6 meters tall, how far above the ground will the nail be when the tree is 12 meters tall? A) 2 meters B) 4 meters C) 8 meters Sugars are released from tissues into phloem vessels from A) sinks B) sources C) xylem The fluid in phloem sap come from A) sinks B) sources C) xylem sap D) none of the preceding
What are some advantages of having seeds versus not having seeds? Apart from size differences, how can you distinguish cone scales of a pine seed cone from that of a pine pollen cone? How is the process of pollination different from the process of fertilization in gymnosperms? Which happens first? Are the pine gametophytes (microgametophyte and megagametophyte) independent of or dependent on the sporophyte? Explain why:
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