Electric flux (\(\Phi_E\)) through a surface is given by the integral of the electric field (\(\mathbf{E}\)) over the surface (\(A\)):
\[
\Phi_E = \int_A \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A}
\]
where \(d\mathbf{A}\) is the differential area vector perpendicular to the
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