When a ligand binds its receptor, an intracellular signal is generated via phosphate groups being transferred from adapter molecules to transcription factors. The intracellular enzymes that typically mediate this type of signaling are called: Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a ATPases b kinases c lysosomes d transporters e ligases
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Step 1: Identify that signaling involves phosphorylation (transfer of phosphate groups) to transcription factors. Show more…
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1. During the stages of cell signaling in a eukaryote, which stage occurs typically in the cytoplasm? a. ligands binding to membrane receptors b. transcription factor binding to DNA c. transcription of DNA to produce mRNA d. signal transduction, for example a protein kinase cascade 2. Diabetics can be given insulin as an injection which then travels through the blood and binds to receptors on cells throughout the body, thereby increasing glucose uptake. In this example, insulin is an example of a a. kinase. b. a carbohydrate. c. ligand. d. receptor. e. G-protein. f. transcription factor. 3. During intercellular signalling a. signals bind to receptors on adjacent cells. b. signals pass through a gap junction from one cell to adjacent cells. c. signals are released which affect nearby target cells. d. cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells. e. cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells. 4. When a receptor binds to a ligand, what actually causes activation and communication to occur? a. the receptor is broken down and portions of it enter the cell cytoplasm b. none of these are correct c. the ligand changes shape due to biochemical interaction with the cell membrane d. the receptor is a protein, which physically changes shape (conformational change) due to biochemical interaction with the ligand. 5. Signal amplification involves all except for one of the following steps in a signal cascade. Which step is NOT involved? a. Adenylyl cyclase enzymes synthesize cAMP, so that the concentration of cAMP significantly rises in the cytoplasm. b. Second messengers influence the activity of enzymes or genes in the cell. c. Each cAMP molecule activates several protein kinase molecules. d. GPCR releases a signal into the extracellular environment 6. A tyrosine kinase receptor is activated by which of the following? a. the phosphorylation of the receptor after binding the ligand b. cAMP c. the phosphorylation of the ligand d. a transcription factor
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Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane? a. intracellular receptor b. G protein-coupled receptor c. phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer d. ligand-gated ion channel
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Which of the following statements about receptor enzymes is NOT TRUE? A receptor-enzyme has an extracellular ligand binding domain, a catalytic (enzyme) domain, and an intracellular domain. Three types of receptor-enzymes found in animals are receptor serine/threonine kinases. The signal transduction pathways of receptor phosphorylation cascade. Interacts with intracellular protein called "G protein receptor-enzyme". None of the above.
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