You are an epidemiologist running a randomized controlled trial to test the effects of Drug X (the exposure) on complications from diabetes (the outcome). You find that men in your study suffer from a higher rate of diabetes-related complications than women.
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Clearly define the primary research question: Does Drug X reduce the rate of diabetes-related complications in men and women? Formulate a hypothesis that Drug X will have a differential effect on complications based on gender. Show more…
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Question 13 A team of researchers conducted a valid prospective cohort study analyzing several exposures for their association with heart disease. They gathered data on smoking, blood pressure, diabetes, and exercise patterns among other factors. They found that the relative risk for developing heart disease for smokers was compared to non-smokers. The relative risk for developing heart disease for people with high blood pressure was compared to those without high blood pressure. The relative risk for developing heart disease for people with diabetes was 2 compared to people without diabetes. The relative risk for developing heart disease among people who exercised regularly was 0.7 compared to people who did not exercise regularly. Based on these findings, which exposure had the strongest association with heart disease? Smoking, High Blood Pressure, Diabetes, or Regular exercise? Question 14 A study of the possible association between alcohol drinking (exposure) and developing cancer (outcome) found that the association is distorted by the presence of a third variable in this case. In this example, the third variable is an example of a confounder. Question 15 A researcher wants to study the effect of a new medicine in preventing hip fractures. They ask you to advise them on ways to manage confounding in the study. You correctly inform them that confounding can be decreased by randomizing subjects into study groups.
Juan N.
35. An epidemiologist was interested in determining whether aspirin was associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. She relied on primary physicians to identify 600 patients at a hospital who were taking a daily dose of aspirin and 600 other patients who were not taking aspirin. Subjects were followed for 1 year to detect any occurrences of GI bleeding in this cohort study. Due to publicity about the risk of bleeding associated with aspirin, primary physicians treating patients at the hospital followed their patients who were taking aspirin more closely than they were unexposed subjects. Which of the following describes the impact that this may have on the epidemiologist’s study? (3 points) A. Would introduce recall bias B. Would result in differential classification of exposure C. Would result in differential classification of outcome D. Would result in nondifferential classification of exposure E. Would result in nondifferential classification of outcome
James K.
As an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of a drug suspected of causing malformations in newborn infants when the drug in question is taken by pregnant women during the course of their pregnancies. As your sample you will use the next 200 single births occurring in a given hospital. For each birth a medication history will be taken from the new mother and from her doctor; in addition, you will review medical records to verify use of the drug. [N.B.: These mothers are considered to have been followed prospectively during the entire course of their pregnancies, because a complete and accurate record of drug use was maintained during pregnancy. The resultant data are: Forty mothers have taken the suspected drug during their pregnancies. Of these mothers, 35 have delivered malformed infants. In addition, 10 other infants are born with malfunctions. What is the relative risk between exposure to the drug and malformations? Compare the advantages and disadvantages or crude and adjusted rates. How does disease prevalence affect the sensitivity and specificity of a test?
Sri K.
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