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Human Biology

Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht, Lynn Preston

Chapter 19

Cancer - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

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Problem 1

List and briefly discuss the seven characteristics of cancer cells that cause them to be abnormal. (pages $448-450$ )

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00:30

Problem 2

What are the roles of the two genes that mutate, causing cancer to develop?

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Mishal Gul
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00:53

Problem 3

What are the four leading types of cancer in men and women?

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00:35

Problem 4

What are the general causes of cancer? What are several types of environmental mutagens?

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00:24

Problem 5

What are the seven warning signals of cancer?

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01:57

Problem 6

List and describe three tests designed to detect cancer.

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Mishal Gul
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02:30

Problem 7

Describe three standard therapies for cancer treatment.

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Mishal Gul
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01:26

Problem 8

Describe some newer therapies that may be successful in cancer treatment.

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01:07

Problem 9

Whereas ________ stimulate the cell cycle, __________ inhibit the cell cycle.
a. tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes
b. oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
c. proto-oncogenes, oncogenes
d. proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes

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00:57

Problem 10

Growth factors lead to
a. increased cell division.
b. the functioning of cyclin proteins.
c. progression through the cell cycle.
d. All of these are correct.

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00:39

Problem 11

Which of these is not true of the gene $p 53 ?$
a. Mutations of both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes lead to inactivity of $p 53$.
b. Normally, $p 53$ functions to stop the cell cycle and initiate repair enzymes, when necessary.
c. Normally, $p 53$ restores the length of telomeres.
d. Cancer cells shut down the activity of $p 53$, even though it may be present.

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00:50

Problem 12

Which association is incorrect?
a. proto-oncogenes-code for cyclin and proteins that inhibit the activity of $p 53$
b. oncogenes- "gain-of-function" genes
c. mutated tumor suppressor genes- code for cyclin and proteins that inhibit the activity of $p 53$
d. mutated tumor suppressor genes- "loss-of-function" mutations
e. Both a and care incorrect.

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02:35

Problem 13

Following each cell cycle, telomeres
a. get longer.
b. get shorter.
c. return to the same length.
d. bind to cyclin proteins.

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00:33

Problem 14

Bone marrow transplants are done in conjunction with chemotherapy for the following reason.
a. Smoking and pollutants can kill bone marrow stem cells.
b. Blood cells will be engineered to have cancer antigens.
c. This procedure is no longer done.
d. Chemotherapy sometimes kills bone marrow stem cells.
e. All of these are correct.

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01:07

Problem 15

Angiogenic growth factors function to
a. stimulate the development of new blood vessels.
b. activate tumor suppressor genes.
c. change proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.
d. promote metastasis.

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07:51

Problem 16

A tumor with cells that spread to secondary locations is referred to as
a. benign.
b. cancer in situ.
c. malignant.
d. encapsulated.

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00:23

Problem 17

What type of cancer is associated with human papilloma viruses?
a. breast
b. cervical
c. kidney
d. lymphatic

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07:02

Problem 18

Which of the following is not a type of carcinogen?
a. tobacco smoke
b. radiation
c. pollutants
d. viruses
e. All of these are carcinogens.

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02:46

Problem 19

Why is cancer called a genetic disease?
a. Cancer is always inherited.
b. Carcinogenesis is accompanied by mutations.
c. Cancer causes mutations that are passed on to offspring.
d. All of these are correct.

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00:23

Problem 20

Leukemia is a form of cancer that affects
a. lymphatic tissue.
b. bone tissue.
c. blood-forming cells.
d. nervous system structures.

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00:25

Problem 21

Which is the name of the tumor suppressor gene that causes retinoblastoma?
a. $p 21$
b. $R B$
c. ras
d. $T G F-b$

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08:41

Problem 22

Concerning the causes of cancer, which one is incorrect?
a. Genetic mutations cause cancer.
b. Genetic mutations can be caused by environmental influences, such as radiation, organic chemicals, and viruses.
c. An active immune system, diet, and exercise can help prevent cancer.
d. Heredity cannot be a cause of cancer.

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02:41

Problem 23

Which of the following is not a warning signal for cancer?
a. a sore that does not heal
b. change in bowel or bladder habits
c. nagging cough or hoarseness
d. shortness of breath or fatigue

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00:20

Problem 24

Which of these tests for the particular cancer is mismatched?
a. breast cancer-mammogram
b. lung cancer-X-ray
c. cervical cancer-Pap test
d. prostate cancer $-C A-125$ test

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00:23

Problem 25

Following a biopsy, what does a doctor look for to diagnose cancer?
a. abnormal-appearing cells
b. whether the cells can divide
c. whether the cells will respond to growth factors
d. whether the chromosomes have telomeres

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01:28

Problem 26

Most chemotherapeutic drugs kill cells by
a. producing pores in plasma membranes.
b. interfering with protein synthesis.
c. interfering with cellular respiration.
d. interfering with DNA and/or enzymes.

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01:06

Problem 27

Multidrug resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs occurs because
a. cancer cells can use plasma membrane carriers to pump drugs out of the cell.
b. one drug may interfere with the activity of another drug.
c. using several drugs at once will overtax the patient's immune system.
d. using several drugs at once decreases the effectiveness of radiation therapy.

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01:59

Problem 28

$p 53$ gene therapy
a. triggers cytotoxic T cells to destroy tumor cells.
b. triggers apoptosis in cancer cells.
c. produces monoclonal antibodies against the tumor cells.
d. reduces tumors by breaking up their blood vessels.

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