World of Chemistry

Steven S.Zumdahl, Susan L.Zumdahl, Donald J.DeCoste

Chapter 3

Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

The ancient Greeks believed that all matter was composed of four fundamental substances:
earth, air, fire, and water. How does this early conception of matter compare with our modern
theories about matter?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Although they were not able to transform base metals into gold, what contributions did the alchemists make to the development of chemistry?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

In addition to his important work on the properties of gases, what other valuable contributions did Robert Boyle make to the development of the study of chemistry?

Natalie Britton

Natalie Britton

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

In 2006, 115 elements were known. How many of these elements occur naturally, and how many are synthesized artificially? What are the most common elements present on earth?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Oxygen, the most abundant element on earth by mass, makes up a large percentage of the
atmosphere. Where else is oxygen found? Is oxygen found more commonly as an element
or in compounds?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

What are the most abundant elements found in living creatures? Are these elements also the most abundant elements found in the nonliving world?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Give the symbols and names for the elements whose chemical symbols consist of only one letter.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

In some cases, the symbol of an element does not seem to bear any relationship to the name we use for the element. Generally, the symbol for such an element is based on its name in another language. Give the symbols and names of five examples of such elements.

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Give the chemical symbol for each of the following elements.
$\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. neon }} & {\text { d. silicon }} \\ {\text { b. nickel }} & {\text { e. barium }} \\ {\text { c. potassium }} & {\text { f. silver }}\end{array}$

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Give the name or symbol, as appropriate, for each of the following elements.
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|}\hline \text { Symbol } & {\text { Name }} \\ \hline \mathrm{Fe} & {} \\ \hline & {\text { chlorine }} \\ \hline \mathrm{S} & {} \\ \hline \mathrm{} & \text {uranium} \\ \hline \mathrm{Ne} & {} \\ \hline \mathrm{K} & {} \\ \hline\end{array}$$

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Several elements have chemical symbols beginning with the letter $\mathrm{C.}$ For each of the following chemical symbols, give the name of the corresponding element.
$\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. Cu }} & {\text { e. Cr }} \\ {\text { b. Co }} & {\text { f. Cs }} \\ {\text { c. Ca }} & {\text { g. Cl }} \\ {\text { d. } C} & {\text { h. Cd }}\end{array}$

Joshua Hale

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true.
a. Most materials occur in nature as pure substances.
b. A given compound usually contains the same relative number of atoms of its various elements.
c. Atoms are made up of tiny particles called molecules.

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

What does the law of constant composition tell us? How did Dalton’s atomic theory help explain this law? Give examples.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

What is a compound?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

A given compound always contains the same relative masses of its constituent elements. How
is this idea related to the relative numbers of each kind of atom present?

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

Write the formula for each of the following substances, listing the elements in the order given.
a. IMAGE IS NOT AVAILABLE TO COPY
List the phosphorus atom first.
b. a molecule containing two boron atoms and six hydrogen atoms
c. a compound containing one calcium atom for every two chlorine atoms
d. IMAGE IS NOT AVAILABLE TO COPY
List the carbon atom first.
e. a compound containing two iron atoms for every three oxygen atoms
f. a molecule containing three hydrogen atoms, one phosphorus atom, and four oxygen atoms

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true.
a. In his cathode ray tube experiments, J. J. Thomson obtained beams of different types of particles whose nature depended on which gas was contained in the tube.
b. Thomson assumed that the atom must contain positively charged particles because isolated atoms have no overall charge.
c. In the plum pudding model of the atom, the atom was envisioned as a sphere of negative charge in which positively charged electrons were randomly distributed.

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false, correct it so that it becomes true.
a. Rutherford’s bombardment experiments with metal foil suggested that alpha particles were deflected by approaching a large, negatively charged atomic nucleus.
b. The proton and the electron have similar masses but opposite electrical charges.
c. Most atoms also contain neutrons, which are slightly heavier than protons but carry no charge.

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

What uncharged particles are found in the nuclei of most atoms?

Joshua Hale

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

What are the positively charged particles found in the nuclei of atoms called?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the same mass? How do the masses of the proton and the neutron compare with the mass of the electron? Which particles make the greatest contribution to the mass of an atom? Which particles make the greatest contribution to the chemical properties of an atom?

Natalie Britton

Natalie Britton

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Although the nucleus of an atom is very important, it is the __________ of the atom that determine its chemical properties.

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

True or false? Atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons are
called isotopes.

Joshua Hale

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

True or false? The mass number of a nucleus represents the number of protons in the nucleus.

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

How was Dalton’s atomic theory modified after the discovery that several isotopes of an element
may exist?

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Are all atoms of the same element identical? If not, how do they differ?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

For each of the following elements, use the periodic table on the inside back cover of this book to write the element’s atomic number.
$\begin{array}{ll}{\text { a. Ge }} & {\text { e. Sr }} \\ {\text { b. zinc }} & {\text { f. cobalt }} \\ {\text { c. Cr }} & {\text { g. } \text { Be }} \\ {\text { d. tungsten }} & {\text { h. lithium }}\end{array}$

Joshua Hale

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

Write the atomic symbol $_{Z}^{A} \mathrm{X}$ for each of the isotopes described below.
a. $Z=8,$ number of neutrons $=9$
b. the isotope of chlorine in which $A=37$
c. $Z=27, A=60$
d. number of protons $=26,$ number of neutrons $=31$
e. the isotope of I with a mass number of 131
f. $Z=3,$ number of neutrons $=4$

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

How many protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of each of the following atoms?
Given that each atom is uncharged, how many electrons are present?
a. $_{94}^{244} \mathrm{Pu}$
b. $_{95}^{241} \mathrm{Am}$
c. $_{89}^{227} \mathrm{Ac}$
d. $_{55}^{133} \mathrm{Cs}$
e. $_{77}^{193} \mathrm{Ir}$
f. $_{25}^{56} \mathrm{Mn}$

Joshua Hale

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

Copy and complete the following table.
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline \text { Name } & {\text { Symbol }} & {\text { Atomic Number }} & {\text { Mass Number }} & {\text { Neutrons }} \\ \hline \text { sodium } & & {11}& {23} \\ \hline \\ \text { } & {_7^{15} \mathrm{N}} & {}& {} \\ \hline \\ \text { } & { _{56}^{136} \mathrm{N}} & {}& {} \\ \hline \\ \text { lithium } & {} & {}& {} & 6 \\ \hline \\ \text {boron } & { } & { 5 }& {11} \\ \hline\end{array}$$

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

What property of the elements is considered when arranging the elements in the periodic table?

Joshua Hale

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

In which direction on the periodic table, horizontal or vertical, are elements with similar chemical properties aligned? What are families of elements with similar chemical properties called?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

List the characteristic physical properties that distinguish the metallic elements from the
nonmetallic elements.

Natalie Britton

Natalie Britton

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

Where are the metallic elements found on the periodic table? Are there more metallic elements
or nonmetallic elements?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

Most, but not all, metallic elements are solids under ordinary laboratory conditions. Which metallic elements are not solids?

Natalie Britton

Natalie Britton

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

Give several examples of nonmetallic elements that occur in the gaseous state under ordinary
conditions.

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

Under ordinary conditions, only a few pure elements occur as liquids. Give an example of a
metallic element and a nonmetallic element that ordinarily occur as liquids.

Natalie Britton

Natalie Britton

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

What is a metalloid? Where are the metalloids found on the periodic table?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Write the number and name (if any) of the group (family) to which each of the following elements belongs.
a. iodine
b. Ca
C. Na
d. lithium
e. $\mathrm{Kr}$
f. sodium
g. Ne

Joshua Hale

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

Use the tables on the inside back cover of the book to give the chemical symbol, atomic number, and group number of each of the following elements and to specify whether each element is a metal, a metalloid, or a nonmetal.
a. rubidium
b. germanium
c. magnesium
d. titanium
e. iodine

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Are most of the chemical elements found in nature in the elemental form or combined in compounds? Explain.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

Why are the elements of Group 8 called the noble or inert gas elements?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

Give three examples of gaseous elements that exist as diatomic molecules. Give three examples
of gaseous elements that exist as single atoms.

Vishal Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Most of the elements are solids at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . Give three examples of elements that are liquids and three examples of elements that are gases at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ .

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

For each of the positive ions listed in column 1 use the periodic table to find in column 2 the
total number of electrons that ion contains. The same answer may be used more than once.
$$\begin{array}{ll}{\text { Column } 1} & {\text { Column } 2} \\ {[1]} & {\mathrm{Al}^{3+}} & {\text { [a] } 2} \\ {[2]} & {\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}} & {[\mathrm{b}]} & {10} \\ {[3]} & {\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}} & {[\mathrm{c}]} & {21} \\ {[4]} & {\mathrm{Sn}^{2+}} & {[\mathrm{d}]} & {23} \\ {[5]} & {\mathrm{Co}^{2+}} & {[\mathrm{e}]} & {24} \\ {[6]} & {\mathrm{Co}^{3+}} & {[\mathrm{f}]} & {25} \\ {[7]} & {\mathrm{Li}^{+}} & {\text { [g] } 36} \\ {[8]} & {\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}} & {[\mathrm{h}]} & {48} \\ {[9 ]} & {\mathrm{Rb}^{+}} & {\text { [i] }} & {76} \\ {[10]} & {\mathrm{Pt}^{2+}} & {\text { lil }} & {81}\end{array}$$

Niamat Khuda

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

Complete the following tables.
a. $$\begin{array}{|l|l|}\hline \text {Cation} & {\text {# Protons in ion}} & {\text {# Electrons in ion}} & {\text {Formula with $0^{2-}$}} \\ \hline \mathrm{K}^{+} & {} \\ \hline \mathrm{Co}^{2+} & {} \\ \hline \mathrm{Al}^{3+} & {} & {} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
b. $$\begin{array}{|l|l|}\hline \text {Anion} & {\text {# Protons in ion}} & {\text {# Electrons in ion}} & {\text {Formula with $\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$}} \\ \hline \mathrm{Cl}^{-} & {} \\ \hline S^{2-} & {} \\ \hline P^{3-} & {} & {} \\ \hline\end{array}$$

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

For the following processes that show the formation of ions, use the periodic table to indicate the number of electrons and protons present in both the ion and the neutral atom from which the ion is made.
a. $\mathrm{Ca} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-}$
b. $\mathrm{P}+3 \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{P}^{3-}$
c. $\mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{Br}^{-}$
d. $\mathrm{Fe} \rightarrow \mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+3 \mathrm{e}^{-}$
e. $\mathrm{Al} \rightarrow \mathrm{Al}^{3+}+3 \mathrm{e}^{-}$
f. $\mathrm{N}+3 \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{N}^{3-}$

Natalie Britton

Natalie Britton

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

For each of the following atomic numbers, use the periodic table to write the formula (including the charge) for the simple ion that the element is most likely to form.
a. 53
b. 38
C. 55
d. 88
e. 9
f. 13

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

List some properties of a substance that would lead you to believe that the substance consists
of ions. How do these properties differ from those of nonionic compounds?

Pronoy Sinha

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

Why does an ionic compound conduct an electric current when the compound is melted but not when it is in the solid state?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

Why must the total number of positive charges in an ionic compound equal the total number of negative charges?

Prashant Bana

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

Use the concept that a chemical compound must have a net charge of zero to predict the formula of the simplest compound that the following pairs of ions are most likely to form.
a. $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ and $\mathrm{P}^{3-}$
b. $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ and $\mathrm{S}^{2-}$
c. $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ and $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$
d. $\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$
e. $\mathrm{Mg}^{2}+$ and $\mathrm{O}^{2-}$
$\mathrm{f} . \mathrm{Mg}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{N}^{3-}$
g. $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ and $\mathrm{P}^{3-}$
h. $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ and $\mathrm{S}^{2-}$

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

What is the difference between the atomic number and the mass number of an element? Can atoms of two different elements have the same atomic number? Could they have the same mass number? Explain.

Natalie Britton

Natalie Britton

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

Which subatomic particles contribute most to the atom’s mass? Which subatomic particles determine the atom’s chemical properties?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

Is it possible for the same two elements to form more than one compound? Is this possibility
consistent with Dalton’s atomic theory? Give an example.

Natalie Britton

Natalie Britton

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

Write the simplest formula for each of the following substances, listing the elements in the order given.
a. a molecule containing one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms
b. a compound containing one aluminum atom for every three chlorine atoms
c. perchloric acid, which contains one hydrogen atom, one chlorine atom, and four oxygen atoms
d. a molecule containing one sulfur atom and six chlorine atoms

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

List the charges of the ions formed from atoms in each of the groups.

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

An ion has a charge of 2- and 18 electrons. From which atom does this ion form?

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

Use the following figures to identify the element or ion. Write the symbol for each, using the $_Z^{A} \mathrm{X}$ format.
a.IMAGE IS NOT AVAILABLE TO COPY
b. IMAGE IS NOT AVAILABLE TO COPY
c. IMAGE IS NOT AVAILABLE TO COPY

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

Choose the statement that best answers this question: If all atoms are composed of the same
subatomic particles, why do different atoms have different chemical properties?
a. The number and arrangement of the electrons matter most because the electrons of the atoms “intermingle” when atoms combine to form molecules.
b. The number and arrangement of the electrons matter most because the electrons of the atoms are located in the nucleus, and the nucleus is involved in chemical reactions.
c. The number and arrangement of the protons matter most because the protons of the atoms “intermingle” when atoms combine to form molecules.
d. The number and arrangement of the protons matter most because the protons of the atoms are located in the nucleus, and the nucleus is involved in chemical reactions.

Cole Hogan

Numerade Educator