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Calculus

George B. Thomas, Jr. Maurice D. Weir, Joel Hass

Chapter 3

Differentiation - all with Video Answers

Educators

+ 27 more educators

Section 1

Tangents and the Derivative at a Point

02:57

Problem 1

In Exercises $1-4,$ use the grid and a straight edge to make a rough estimate of the slope of the curve (in $y$ -units per $x$ -unit) at the points $P_{1}$ and $P_{2}$ .

Yujian Zeng
Yujian Zeng
Numerade Educator
03:03

Problem 2

In Exercises $1-4,$ use the grid and a straight edge to make a rough estimate of the slope of the curve (in $y$ -units per $x$ -unit) at the points $P_{1}$ and $P_{2}$ .

Yujian Zeng
Yujian Zeng
Numerade Educator
03:31

Problem 3

In Exercises $1-4,$ use the grid and a straight edge to make a rough estimate of the slope of the curve (in $y$ -units per $x$ -unit) at the points $P_{1}$ and $P_{2}$ .

Yujian Zeng
Yujian Zeng
Numerade Educator
03:32

Problem 4

Use the grid and a straight edge to make a rough estimate of the slope of the curve (in $y$ -units per $x$ -unit) at the points $P_{1}$ and $P_{2}$

Yujian Zeng
Yujian Zeng
Numerade Educator
01:50

Problem 5

In Exercises $5-10$ , find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the given point. Then sketch the curve and tangent together.
$$
y=4-x^{2}, \quad(-1,3)
$$

Subhadeepta Sahoo
Subhadeepta Sahoo
Numerade Educator
01:57

Problem 6

In Exercises $5-10$ , find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the given point. Then sketch the curve and tangent together.
$$
y=(x-1)^{2}+1, \quad(1,1)
$$

Joseph Liao
Joseph Liao
Numerade Educator
04:42

Problem 7

In Exercises $5-10$ , find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the given point. Then sketch the curve and tangent together.
$$
y=2 \sqrt{x}, \quad(1,2)
$$

EN
Emily Nason
Numerade Educator
01:50

Problem 8

In Exercises $5-10$ , find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the given point. Then sketch the curve and tangent together.
$$
y=\frac{1}{x^{2}}, \quad(-1,1)
$$

Subhadeepta Sahoo
Subhadeepta Sahoo
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 9

In Exercises $5-10$ , find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the given point. Then sketch the curve and tangent together.
$$
y=x^{3}, \quad(-2,-8)
$$

Joseph Liao
Joseph Liao
Numerade Educator
05:25

Problem 10

In Exercises $5-10$ , find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the given point. Then sketch the curve and tangent together.
$$
y=\frac{1}{x^{3}}, \quad\left(-2,-\frac{1}{8}\right)
$$

AD
Ava Delonais-Dick
Numerade Educator
01:26

Problem 11

In Exercises $11-18,$ find the slope of the function's graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line tangent to the graph there.
$$
f(x)=x^{2}+1, \quad(2,5)
$$

Joseph Liao
Joseph Liao
Numerade Educator
01:26

Problem 12

In Exercises $11-18,$ find the slope of the function's graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line tangent to the graph there.
$$
f(x)=x-2 x^{2}, \quad(1,-1)
$$

Joseph Liao
Joseph Liao
Numerade Educator
02:35

Problem 13

In Exercises $11-18,$ find the slope of the function's graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line tangent to the graph there.
$$
g(x)=\frac{x}{x-2},(3,3)
$$

Jack Chen
Jack Chen
Numerade Educator
02:18

Problem 14

In Exercises $11-18,$ find the slope of the function's graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line tangent to the graph there.
$$
g(x)=\frac{8}{x^{2}}, \quad(2,2)
$$

Joseph Liao
Joseph Liao
Numerade Educator
04:05

Problem 15

In Exercises $11-18,$ find the slope of the function's graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line tangent to the graph there.
$$
h(t)=t^{3}, \quad(2,8)
$$

Sarah Herrera Stoltzfus
Sarah Herrera Stoltzfus
Numerade Educator
04:06

Problem 16

In Exercises $11-18,$ find the slope of the function's graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line tangent to the graph there.
$$
h(t)=t^{3}+3 t, \quad(1,4)
$$

Cheryl Coles
Cheryl Coles
Numerade Educator
04:10

Problem 17

In Exercises $11-18,$ find the slope of the function's graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line tangent to the graph there.
$$
f(x)=\sqrt{x},(4,2)
$$

Jasmine Alexander
Jasmine Alexander
Numerade Educator
04:59

Problem 18

In Exercises $11-18,$ find the slope of the function's graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line tangent to the graph there.
$$
f(x)=\sqrt{x+1},(8,3)
$$

Brandon Allred
Brandon Allred
Numerade Educator
01:17

Problem 19

In Exercises $19-22,$ find the slope of the curve at the point indicated.
$$
y=5 x^{2}, \quad x=-1
$$

Joseph Liao
Joseph Liao
Numerade Educator
02:22

Problem 20

In Exercises $19-22,$ find the slope of the curve at the point indicated.
$$
y=1-x^{2}, \quad x=2
$$

Tom Ahlschwede
Tom Ahlschwede
Numerade Educator
04:33

Problem 21

In Exercises $19-22,$ find the slope of the curve at the point indicated.
$$
y=\frac{1}{x-1}, \quad x=3
$$

Kaylee Helgeson
Kaylee Helgeson
Numerade Educator
03:27

Problem 22

In Exercises $19-22,$ find the slope of the curve at the point indicated.
$$
y=\frac{x-1}{x+1}, \quad x=0
$$

Tayna Cruz
Tayna Cruz
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 23

At what points do the graphs of the functions in Exercises 23 and 24 have horizontal tangents?
$$
f(x)=x^{2}+4 x-1
$$

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
01:39

Problem 24

At what points do the graphs of the functions in Exercises 23 and 24 have horizontal tangents?
$$
g(x)=x^{3}-3 x
$$

Joseph Liao
Joseph Liao
Numerade Educator
09:55

Problem 25

Find equations of all lines having slope $-1$ that are tangent to the curve $y=1 /(x-1)$

IS
Isabella Silar
Numerade Educator
05:26

Problem 26

Find an equation of the straight line having slope 1$/ 4$ that is tangent to the curve $y=\sqrt{x} .$

Danny Huang
Danny Huang
Numerade Educator
01:04

Problem 27

Object dropped from a tower $A$ n object is dropped from the top of a 100 -m-high tower. Its height above ground after $t$ sec is $100-4.9 t^{2}$ m. How fast is it falling 2 sec after it is dropped?

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 28

Speed of a rocket At $t$ sec after liftoff, the height of a rocket is 3$t^{2}$ ft. How fast is the rocket climbing 10 sec after liftoff?

Alex Johnson
Alex Johnson
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 29

Circle's changing area What is the rate of change of the area of a circle $\left(A=\pi r^{2}\right)$ with respect to the radius when the radius is $r=3 ?$

Christy Galilei
Christy Galilei
Numerade Educator
07:25

Problem 30

Ball's changing volume ume of a ball $\left(V=(4 / 3) \pi r^{3}\right)$ with respect to the radius when the
radius is $r=2 ?$

Stephanie Galvão
Stephanie Galvão
Numerade Educator
02:21

Problem 31

Show that the line $y=m x+b$ is its own tangent line at any point $\left(x_{0}, m x_{0}+b\right)$

Christopher Stanley
Christopher Stanley
Numerade Educator
04:41

Problem 32

Find the slope of the tangent to the curve $y=1 / \sqrt{x}$ at the point where $x=4 .$

Karl Schaefer
Karl Schaefer
University of Chicago
04:57

Problem 33

Does the graph of $f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{x^{2} \sin (1 / x),} & {x \neq 0} \\ {0,} & {x=0}\end{array}\right.$ have a tangent at the origin? Give reasons for your answer.

CD
Cody Delos Santos
Numerade Educator
02:33

Problem 34

Does the graph of
$$
g(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{x \sin (1 / x),} & {x \neq 0} \\ {0,} & {x=0}\end{array}\right.
$$
have a tangent at the origin? Give reasons for your answer.
Vertical Tangents We say that a continuous curve $y=f(x)$ has a vertical tangent at the
point where $x=x_{0}$ if $\lim _{k \rightarrow 0}\left(f\left(x_{0}+h\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)\right) / h=\infty$ or $-\infty$ . For example, $y=x^{1 / 3}$ has a vertical tangent at $x=0$ (see accompanying figure):
$$
\begin{aligned} \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(0+h)-f(0)}{h} &=\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{h^{1 / 3}-0}{h} \\ &=\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{h^{2 / 3}}=\infty \end{aligned}
$$
However, $y=x^{2 / 3}$ has $n o$ vertical tangent at $x=0$ (see next figure):
$$
\begin{aligned} \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{g(0+h)-g(0)}{h} &=\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{h^{2 / 3}-0}{h} \\ &=\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{h^{1 / 3}} \end{aligned}
$$
does not exist, because the limit is $\infty$ from the right and $-\infty$ from the left.

Thane Stiles
Thane Stiles
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 35

Does the graph of
$$
f(x)=\left\{\begin{aligned}-1, & x < 0 \\ 0, & x=0 \\ 1, & x > 0 \end{aligned}\right.
$$
have a vertical tangent at the origin? Give reasons for your answer.

Matthew Band
Matthew Band
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 36

Does the graph of
$$
U(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{0,} & {x<0} \\ {1,} & {x \geq 0}\end{array}\right.
$$
have a vertical tangent at the point $(0,1) ?$ Give reasons for your answer.

Karl Schaefer
Karl Schaefer
University of Chicago
01:07

Problem 37

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$ .
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to
Exercises 35 and 36.
$$
y=x^{2 / 5}
$$

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
04:48

Problem 38

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$ .
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to
Exercises 35 and 36.
$$
y=x^{4 / 5}
$$

MS
Mahmood Shilleh
Numerade Educator
02:56

Problem 39

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$ .
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to
Exercises 35 and 36.
$$
y=x^{1 / 5}
$$

Andrew Bassila
Andrew Bassila
Numerade Educator
00:39

Problem 40

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$ .
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to
Exercises 35 and 36.
$$
y=x^{3 / 5}
$$

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
00:58

Problem 41

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$ .
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to
Exercises 35 and 36.
$$
y=4 x^{2 / 5}-2 x
$$

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 42

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$ .
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to
Exercises 35 and 36.
$$
y=x^{5 / 3}-5 x^{2 / 3}
$$

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
03:22

Problem 43

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$ .
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to
Exercises 35 and 36.
$$
y=x^{2 / 3}-(x-1)^{1 / 3}
$$

Anna Waldram
Anna Waldram
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 44

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to Exercises 35 and $36 .$
$$
y=x^{1 / 3}+(x-1)^{1 / 3}
$$

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
00:34

Problem 45

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to Exercises 35 and 36 .
$$
y=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{-\sqrt{|x|},} & {x \leq 0} \\ {\sqrt{x},} & {x > 0}\end{array}\right.
$$

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
01:02

Problem 46

Graph the curves in Exercises $37-46$
a. Where do the graphs appear to have vertical tangents?
b. Confirm your findings in part (a) with limit calculations. But before you do, read the introduction to Exercises 35 and 36 .
$$
y=\sqrt{|4-x|}
$$

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 47

COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS Use a CAS to perform the following steps for the functions in Exercises $47-50$ :
a. Plot $y=f(x)$ over the interval $\left(x_{0}-1 / 2\right) \leq x \leq\left(x_{0}+3\right)$
b. Holding $x_{0}$ fixed, the difference quotient
$$
q(h)=\frac{f\left(x_{0}+h\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{h}
$$
at $x_{0}$ becomes a function of the step size $h$ . Enter this function into your CAS workspace.
c. Find the limit of $q$ as $h \rightarrow 0$ .
d. Define the secant lines $y=f\left(x_{0}\right)+q \cdot\left(x-x_{0}\right)$ for $h=3,2$ , and $1 .$ Graph them together with $f$ and the tangent line over the interval in part (a).
$$
f(x)=x^{3}+2 x, \quad x_{0}=0
$$

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
Numerade Educator
05:09

Problem 48

COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS Use a CAS to perform the following steps for the functions in Exercises $47-50$ :
a. Plot $y=f(x)$ over the interval $\left(x_{0}-1 / 2\right) \leq x \leq\left(x_{0}+3\right)$
b. Holding $x_{0}$ fixed, the difference quotient
$$
q(h)=\frac{f\left(x_{0}+h\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{h}
$$
at $x_{0}$ becomes a function of the step size $h$ . Enter this function into your CAS workspace.
c. Find the limit of $q$ as $h \rightarrow 0$ .
d. Define the secant lines $y=f\left(x_{0}\right)+q \cdot\left(x-x_{0}\right)$ for $h=3,2$ , and $1 .$ Graph them together with $f$ and the tangent line over the interval in part (a).
$$
f(x)=x+\frac{5}{x}, \quad x_{0}=1
$$

Yujian Zeng
Yujian Zeng
Numerade Educator
05:06

Problem 49

COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS Use a CAS to perform the following steps for the functions in Exercises $47-50$ :
a. Plot $y=f(x)$ over the interval $\left(x_{0}-1 / 2\right) \leq x \leq\left(x_{0}+3\right)$
b. Holding $x_{0}$ fixed, the difference quotient
$$
q(h)=\frac{f\left(x_{0}+h\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{h}
$$
at $x_{0}$ becomes a function of the step size $h$ . Enter this function into your CAS workspace.
c. Find the limit of $q$ as $h \rightarrow 0$ .
d. Define the secant lines $y=f\left(x_{0}\right)+q \cdot\left(x-x_{0}\right)$ for $h=3,2$ , and $1 .$ Graph them together with $f$ and the tangent line over the interval in part (a).
$$
f(x)=x+\sin (2 x), \quad x_{0}=\pi / 2
$$

Yujian Zeng
Yujian Zeng
Numerade Educator
04:43

Problem 50

COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS Use a CAS to perform the following steps for the functions in Exercises $47-50$ :
a. Plot $y=f(x)$ over the interval $\left(x_{0}-1 / 2\right) \leq x \leq\left(x_{0}+3\right)$
b. Holding $x_{0}$ fixed, the difference quotient
$$
q(h)=\frac{f\left(x_{0}+h\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{h}
$$
at $x_{0}$ becomes a function of the step size $h$ . Enter this function into your CAS workspace.
c. Find the limit of $q$ as $h \rightarrow 0$ .
d. Define the secant lines $y=f\left(x_{0}\right)+q \cdot\left(x-x_{0}\right)$ for $h=3,2$ , and $1 .$ Graph them together with $f$ and the tangent line over the interval in part (a).
$$
f(x)=\cos x+4 \sin (2 x), \quad x_{0}=\pi
$$

Yujian Zeng
Yujian Zeng
Numerade Educator