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Chemistry for Changing Times

John W. Hill; Terry W. McCreary; Doris K. Kolb

Chapter 21

Household Chemicals - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

01:14

Problem 1

What are some advantages and disadvantages of soaps?

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01:17

Problem 2

What are some advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents?

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01:23

Problem 3

Match the formula in the left column with the description or use in the right column.
(1) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}$
(a) ingredient in vinegar
(2) NAHSO $_{4}$
(b) used in toothpastes
(3) $\mathrm{SnF}_{2}$
(c) used as bleach
(4) $\mathrm{NaOCl}$
(d) used to make soap
(5) $\mathrm{NaOH}$
(e) water softener
(6) $\mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}$
(f) ingredient in the solid crystalline

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01:36

Problem 4

What ingredients are used in liquid dishwashing detergents (for hand dishwashing)? How do detergents for automatic dishwashers differ from those used for hand dishwashing?

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01:11

Problem 5

List some uses of diluted household ammonia. What safety precautions should be followed when using ammonia?

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01:45

Problem 6

What are some properties of ammonia solution that make it useful? What are some drawbacks?

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01:12

Problem 7

List two properties of baking soda that make it useful as a cleaning agent.

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01:15

Problem 8

What is the legal definition of a cosmetic? Is soap a cosmetic?

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01:21

Problem 9

How does a potassium soap differ from a sodium soap? Write the formulas for sodium dodecyl sulfate and potassium dodecyl sulfate.

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01:25

Problem 10

Why does soap fail to work in hard water?

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01:10

Problem 11

What ingredient is added to scouring soaps? What property of that additive makes it useful for scouring?

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01:57

Problem 12

How does soap (or detergent) clean a dirty surface on the molecular level? Use a detailed diagram.

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01:25

Problem 13

Write a generalized word equation for the formation of soap from lye and a fat.

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01:20

Problem 14

Write a word equation that describes the reaction of stearin with lye (sodium hydroxide).

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01:00

Problem 15

Give the structural formula for each of the following.
a. potassium stearate
b. sodium myristate

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01:06

Problem 16

Give the structures of the products formed in the following reaction

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01:24

Problem 17

Describe how trisodium phosphate softens water.

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01:17

Problem 18

How does a water-softening tank work?

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01:25

Problem 19

What ions make water "hard"?

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01:35

Problem 20

Write the equation that shows how carbonate ions react with magnesium ions in hard water to form an insoluble precipitate.

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01:15

Problem 21

Write the equation that shows how phosphate ions react with calcium ions in hard water to form an insoluble precipitate.

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01:07

Problem 22

Write a word equation that shows how a water softener using sodium zeolite removes calcium ions from the water.

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01:01

Problem 23

What is a (detergent) builder?

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01:14

Problem 24

What is a (detergent) builder?

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01:18

Problem 25

How do zeolites aid the cleansing action of a detergent?

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01:26

Problem 26

What advantage do zeolites have over carbonates as builders?

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01:25

Problem 27

What is an nonionic surfactant?

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01:18

Problem 28

Classify each of the following surfactants as anionic, cationic, nonionic, or amphoteric.
a. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{11} \mathrm{OSO}_{3}^{-} \mathrm{Na}^{+}$
b. $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{4}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{10} \mathrm{~N}^{+}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{Cl}^{-}$

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01:28

Problem 29

Cationic surfactants are often used with nonionic surfactants but are seldom used with anionic surfactants. Why not?

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01:21

Problem 30

What is the difference between anionic and cationic detergents? What are the similarities?
Problems 31 through 34 refer to compounds $I, I I,$ and III below; $C_{6} H_{4}$ represents a 1, 4-disubstituted benzene ring.
$$\begin{array}{l}\text { I. }\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{9}\mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)\mathrm{C}_{6}\mathrm{H}_{4}\mathrm{SO}_{3}^{-}\mathrm{Na}^{+} \\\text {II. } \mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{11} \mathrm{OSO}_{3}^{-} \mathrm{Na}^{+}\end{array}$$
III. $\mathrm{CH}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{15} \mathrm{~N}^{+}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{3} \mathrm{Br}^{-}$

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01:06

Problem 31

Which is a linear alkyl sulfonate (LAS)?

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01:04

Problem 32

Which is an alkyl sulfate?

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01:04

Problem 33

Which is/are not biodegradable?

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01:23

Problem 34

Which is a quaternary ammonium salt?

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01:12

Problem 35

Which is/are anionic surfactants? Which is a cationic surfactant?

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01:31

Problem 36

What sorts of surfaces should not be cleaned with ammonia? Why? What sorts of surfaces should not be cleaned with vinegar? Why?

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01:25

Problem 37

Give an example of a compound that acts as a fabric softener.

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01:09

Problem 38

How do fabric softeners work?

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01:49

Problem 39

Give the names of two important compounds found in powdered bleaches.

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01:45

Problem 40

List some advantages and disadvantages of perborate and chlorine bleaches.

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01:26

Problem 41

How do sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate work as bleaches?

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01:11

Problem 42

What is the name and chemical formula of the compound found in all liauid bleaches?

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01:21

Problem 43

What are the main hazards of using solvents in the home?

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01:21

Problem 44

List two hazards of cleansers that contain petroleum distil. lates.

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01:12

Problem 45

Should gasoline be used as a cleaning solvent? Why or why not?

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01:08

Problem 46

What are the name and chemical formula for the white base pigment found in most paints?

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01:19

Problem 47

What is an emollient?

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01:17

Problem 48

What is an emollient?

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01:30

Problem 49

Name one advantage of OMC over PABA in sunscreen lotions.

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01:04

Problem 50

Name two compounds and one element used in some types of eye makeup.

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01:16

Problem 51

What is the dangerous ingredient in kohl, used in many cultures for religious, social, and supposedly medicinal purposes?

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01:23

Problem 52

How does $\mathrm{ZnO}$ function differently from OMS in a sunscreen formulation?

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01:14

Problem 53

What are the main ingredients in lip balms and lipsticks?

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01:27

Problem 54

What materials are used to color lipsticks?

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01:16

Problem 55

What is the principal cause of tooth decay? What are the best ways to prevent tooth decay?

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01:22

Problem 56

What is the chemical formula of sodium monofluorophosphate? What is its purpose in toothpaste?

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01:34

Problem 57

How do fluorides strengthen tooth enamel?

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01:09

Problem 58

How do fluorides strengthen tooth enamel?

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01:23

Problem 59

What is a perfume? What is a cologne?

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01:13

Problem 60

What is a musk? Why are musks added to perfumes?

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01:08

Problem 61

What is the function of menthol in some aftershave lotions?

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01:43

Problem 62

Give the name of (a) a compound that functions as an antiperspirant and tell how it functions and (b) the name of a compound that functions as a deodorant and tell how it functions

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01:21

Problem 63

What is the difference between a temporary and a permanent hair dye? Why is a permanent dye not really permanent?

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01:27

Problem 64

What are resins? How are resins used in hair care?

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01:43

Problem 65

Briefly describe the two processes involved in curling straight or straightening curly hair, with respect to the disulfide linkages in the hair.

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01:13

Problem 66

What is the most important chemical component of hair shampoo? Write the name and chemical formula for a commonly used compound.

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01:40

Problem 67

Describe the difference between hair coloring that allows one to go from dark to light-haired, compared to changing gray hair to a darker color

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02:09

Problem 68

What is the difference between a temporary, semipermanent, and permanent hair dye in terms of how they work?

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01:06

Problem 69

Problems 69 throtigh 72 refer to structures I through IV below.
I. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{11} \mathrm{NH}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COO}$
II. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{12} \mathrm{COO}^{-} \mathrm{K}^{+}$
III. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{~N}^{+}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{Cl}$
IV. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{13} \mathrm{NH}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COO}$
Which are soaps?

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01:14

Problem 70

Problems 69 throtigh 72 refer to structures I through IV below.
I. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{11} \mathrm{NH}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COO}$
II. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{12} \mathrm{COO}^{-} \mathrm{K}^{+}$
III. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{~N}^{+}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{Cl}$
IV. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{13} \mathrm{NH}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COO}$
Which are synthetic detergents?

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01:14

Problem 71

Problems 69 throtigh 72 refer to structures I through IV below.
I. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{11} \mathrm{NH}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COO}$
II. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{12} \mathrm{COO}^{-} \mathrm{K}^{+}$
III. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{~N}^{+}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{Cl}$
IV. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{13} \mathrm{NH}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COO}$
Which is a principal ingredient in baby shampoo?

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01:12

Problem 72

Problems 69 throtigh 72 refer to structures I through IV below.
I. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{11} \mathrm{NH}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COO}$
II. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{12} \mathrm{COO}^{-} \mathrm{K}^{+}$
III. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{~N}^{+}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{Cl}$
IV. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{13} \mathrm{NH}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COO}$
Which is an amphoteric surfactant?

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01:29

Problem 73

Write the structure for isopropyl palmitate, an ingredient in skin creams.

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01:42

Problem 74

The hardness of water is reported as milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter of water. Calculate the quantity of sodium carbonate in grams needed to soften 10.0 L of water with a hardness of $255 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$. (Hint: How much $\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$ is present in the water?)

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01:42

Problem 75

Tin(II) fluoride (listed as stannous fluoride on labels) is the active ingredient in fluoride toothpastes. What mass of $\mathrm{SnF}_{2}$ can be prepared by reaction of $12.3 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{SnO}$ with excess HF?
$$\mathrm{SnO}+2 \mathrm{HF} \rightarrow \mathrm{SnF}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$$

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01:22

Problem 76

When you search the Internet for information about the composition of a particular industrial detergent mixture, you find that it contains quats. What is the full name of this type of detergent (not the nickname)? What type of surfactant are these ingredients?

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01:16

Problem 77

Sodium hydroxide performs several functions in a drain cleaner. Name two of these functions.

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01:41

Problem 78

Optical brighteners make fabric appear to reflect more light (energy) than strikes the fabric. Do optical brighteners violate the law of conservation of energy? Explain.

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01:45

Problem 79

Referring to Figure 21.11 , describe how the esters of carnauba wax and spermaceti are similar and how they are different

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01:42

Problem 80

Review Figure $21.11 \mathrm{a}$ and Section $9.7 .$ Draw the condensed structure of (a) the carboxylic acid and (b) the alcohol that is formed when the ester in beeswax undergoes hydrolysis.

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01:26

Problem 81

Write equations for the dissolution of the calcium carbonate buildup in a toilet bowl by each of the following toilet bowl cleaners.
a. hydrochloric acid
b. sodium bisulfate
c. citric acid $\left(\mathrm{HC}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{7} \mathrm{O}_{7}\right)$

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01:37

Problem 82

If a sunscreen label states "SPF $15^{\prime \prime}$ and you have skin that will burn in about 18 minutes when exposed to direct, bright sunlight, how long could you theoretically stay in the sun before reapplying the cream? What are some reasons you should reapply sooner than your calculation?

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01:13

Problem 83

Which of the following molecules would not be considered a volatile organic compound?
a. pentane
b. ether
c. wax
d. water
e. acetone

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01:17

Problem 84

Which of the following molecules do you expect to be degraded most quickly by microorganisms in the environment?
Identify the purpose for each of the following ingredients.
a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
b. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{COONa}$
c. $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$
d. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{COOCH}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{28} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$

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01:23

Problem 85

Identify the purpose for each of the following ingredients.
a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
b. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{COONa}$
c. $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$
d. $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{14} \mathrm{COOCH}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{28} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$

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01:18

Problem 86

Calculate how much energy we can save by using cold (unheated tap water) compared to hot water $\left(60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ per load of laundry. A typical modern high-efficiency, washer uses between $50-100 \mathrm{~L}$ of water per load (older top loading washers used as much as $170 \mathrm{~L}$ ). Complete your calculation assuming that tap water is $11{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and that your washer uses 75 L of water.

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