Psychology Openstax

Rosie M. Spielman

Chapter 4

States of Consciousness - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

The body's biological clock is located in the _________.
a. hippocampus
b. thalamus
c. hypothalamus
d. pituitary gland

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 2

__________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.
a. jet lag
b. rotating shift work
c. circadian rhythm
d. sleep debt

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 3

__________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
a. biological
b. circadian
c. rotating
d. conscious

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 4

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks
a. Light-dark exposure
b. coffee consumption
c. alcohol consumption
d. napping

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 5

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.
a. pineal gland
b. thyroid
c. pituitary gland
d. pancreas

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

The_________ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.
a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. pons
d. both a and b

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

_________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.
a. growth hormone
b. melatonin
c. $\mathrm{LH}$
d. FSH

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 8

_________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.
a. melatonin
b. slow-wave sleep
c. sleep deprivation
d. growth hormone

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 9

_________ is (are) described as slow-wave sleep.
a. stage
b. stage 2
c. stage 3 and stage 4
d. REM sleep

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 10

10. Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with _________ sleep.
a. stage
b. stage 2
c. stage 3 and stage 4
d. REM

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 11

Symptoms of may __________ be improved by REM deprivation.
a. schizophrenia
b. Parkinson's disease
c. depression
d. generalized anxiety disorder

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 12

The _________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
a. latent
b. manifest
c. collective unconscious
d. important

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 13

__________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.
a. RBD
b. CPAP
c. cataplexy
d. insomnia

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 14

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.
a. central sleep apnea
b. obstructive sleep apnea
c. narcolepsy
d. SIDS

Melissa Geisel

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.
a. sleep apnea
b. $\quad \mathrm{RBD}$
c. SIDS
d. narcolepsy

Melissa Geisel

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

_________ is another word for sleepwalking.
a. insomnia
b. somnambulism
c. cataplexy
d. narcolepsy

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 17

_________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.
a. withdrawal
b. psychological dependence
c. tolerance
d. reuptake

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 18

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of _________.
a. GABA
b. glutamate
c. acetylcholine
d. dopamine

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 19

_________ refers to drug craving.
a. psychological dependence
b. antagonism
c. agonism
d. physical dependence

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 20

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
a. dopamine
b. serotonin
c. acetylcholine
d. norepinephrine

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 21

_________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.
a. hypnosis
b. meditation
c. mindful awareness
d. cognitive therapy

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 22

__________ has its roots in religious practice.
a. hypnosis
b. meditation
c. cognitive therapy
d. behavioral therapy

Shazia Naz

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Problem 23

Meditation may be helpful in _________.
a. pain management
b. stress control
c. treating the flu
d. both a and b

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 24

Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.
a. hypnosis
b. meditation
c. mindful awareness
d. progressive relaxation

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 25

Healthcare professionals often work rotating shifts. Why is this problematic? What can be done to deal with potential problems?

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 26

Generally, humans are considered diurnal which means we are awake during the day and asleep during the night. Many rodents, on the other hand, are nocturnal. Why do you think different animals have such different sleep-wake cycles?

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 27

If theories that assert sleep is necessary for restoration and recovery from daily energetic demands are correct, what do you predict about the relationship that would exist between individuals' total sleep duration and their level of activity?

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 28

How could researchers determine if given areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of sleep?

Jennifer Stoner

Jennifer Stoner

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Problem 29

Differentiate the evolutionary theories of sleep and make a case for the one with the most compelling evidence.

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 30

Freud believed that dreams provide important insight into the unconscious mind. He maintained that a dream's manifest content could provide clues into an individual's unconscious. What potential criticisms exist for this particular perspective?

Melissa Geisel

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

Some people claim that sleepwalking and talking in your sleep involve individuals acting out their dreams. Why is this particular explanation unlikely?

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 32

One of the recommendations that therapists will make to people who suffer from insomnia is to spend less waking time in bed. Why do you think spending waking time in bed might interfere with the ability to fall asleep later?

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 33

How is narcolepsy with cataplexy similar to and different from REM sleep?

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 34

The negative health consequences of both alcohol and tobacco products are well-documented. A drug like marijuana, on the other hand, is generally considered to be as safe, if not safer than these legal drugs. Why do you think marijuana use continues to be illegal in many parts of the United States?

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 35

Why are programs designed to educate people about the dangers of using tobacco products just as important as developing tobacco cessation programs?

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 36

What advantages exist for researching the potential health benefits of hypnosis?

Prashant Bana

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Problem 37

What types of studies would be most convincing regarding the effectiveness of meditation in the treatment for some type of physical or mental disorder?

Anna Miller

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Problem 38

We experience shifts in our circadian clocks in the fall and spring of each year with time changes associated with daylight saving time. Is springing ahead or falling back easier for you to adjust to, and why do you think that is?

Alexander Cheng

Alexander Cheng

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Problem 39

What do you do to adjust to the differences in your daily schedule throughout the week? Are you running a sleep debt when daylight saving time begins or ends?

Alexa Moschella

Alexa Moschella

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Problem 40

Have you (or someone you know) ever experienced significant periods of sleep deprivation because of simple insomnia, high levels of stress, or as a side effect from a medication? What were the consequences of missing out on sleep?

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Researchers believe that one important function of sleep is to facilitate learning and memory. How does knowing this help you in your college studies? What changes could you make to your study and sleep habits to maximize your mastery of the material covered in class?

Leah Lampen

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Problem 42

What factors might contribute to your own experiences with insomnia?

Dagny Deutchman

Dagny Deutchman

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Problem 43

Many people experiment with some sort of psychoactive substance at some point in their lives. Why do you think people are motivated to use substances that alter consciousness?

Melissa Geisel

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Problem 44

Under what circumstances would you be willing to consider hypnosis and/or meditation as a treatment option? What kind of information would you need before you made a decision to use these techniques?

Melissa Geisel

Numerade Educator