Calculate the electronegativity difference and classify each...

Calculate the electronegativity difference and classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic: $(10.4)$
a. $\mathrm{Si}-\mathrm{Cl}$
b. $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$
c. $\mathrm{Na}-\mathrm{Cl}$
d. $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$
e. $\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{F}$

Key Concepts

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. It is an intrinsic property of an element and is typically based on periodic trends, increasing across a period and decreasing down a group.

Electronegativity Difference

The electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms is the numerical difference between their electronegativity values. This difference is used to predict the type of bond formed, with larger differences generally indicating more ionic character.

Bond Classification

Bond classification refers to categorizing chemical bonds based on the distribution of electrons between atoms. The common classifications include nonpolar covalent bonds (electrons are shared equally), polar covalent bonds (electrons are shared unequally), and ionic bonds (electrons are transferred).

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A nonpolar covalent bond is characterized by two atoms with very similar electronegativities, resulting in an equal sharing of electrons. This type of bond typically occurs between identical or similar elements.

Polar Covalent Bond

A polar covalent bond occurs when there is a moderate electronegativity difference between two atoms, leading to an unequal sharing of electrons. This results in a dipole moment, where one end of the bond is slightly negative and the other is slightly positive.

Ionic Bond

An ionic bond is formed when there is a large electronegativity difference between two atoms, causing one atom to donate electrons and the other to accept electrons. This electron transfer creates ions, which are held together by electrostatic attraction.

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