The examples below are from Yurok (Algic) (data from Garrett...

The examples below are from Yurok (Algic) (data from Garrett 2001: 274): $$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline\text{kepiet}&\text{Fhather}&\text{meptopis}&\text{Theteisssevinalfariepah'}\\\hline&\text{"here'salawer} & \text { herlefu } & \text { Theses a serkes of uhes' } \\ \hline \text { perch } & \text { to splet? } & \text { pergesst } & \text { Is splt in severel pleres" } \\ \hline \text { san } & \begin{array}{l} \text { Wa aak" } \\ \text { (inerens) } \end{array} & \text { stiven } & \text { lo and several tamest } \\ \hline \text { Etun } & \begin{array}{l} \text { 7e be vusk } \\ \text { mogrted } \end{array} & \text { whetun } & \begin{array}{l} \text { lo be stude mguther } \\ \text { n wewral alwies? } \end{array} \\ \hline \end{array} $$ Write a word formation rule that derives the Yurok forms in the second column from the corresponding base in the first column. Make sure to include both the structural and semantic effects of the rule. What kind of a morphological rule is this?

The examples below are from Yurok (Algic) (data from Garrett 2001:
274):
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline\text{kepiet}&\text{Fhather}&\text{meptopis}&\text{Theteisssevinalfariepah'}\\\hline&\text{"here'salawer} & \text { herlefu } & \text { Theses a serkes of uhes' } \\
\hline \text { perch } & \text { to splet? } & \text { pergesst } & \text { Is splt in severel pleres" } \\
\hline \text { san } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Wa aak" } \\
\text { (inerens) }
\end{array} & \text { stiven } & \text { lo and several tamest } \\
\hline \text { Etun } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { 7e be vusk } \\
\text { mogrted }
\end{array} & \text { whetun } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { lo be stude mguther } \\
\text { n wewral alwies? }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Write a word formation rule that derives the Yurok forms in the second column from the corresponding base in the first column. Make sure to include both the structural and semantic effects of the rule. What kind of a morphological rule is this?

Key Concepts

Word Formation Rule

A word formation rule specifies a systematic process that takes a base lexical item and applies a set of modifications—both structural (phonological or morphosyntactic) and semantic—to derive a new word with a related but distinct meaning. This process is explicitly formulated to reflect predictable changes between the base and the derived form.

Derivational Morphology

Derivational morphology involves the creation of new lexemes by applying morphological rules that change the meaning and often the grammatical category of the base word. Unlike inflection, which only marks grammatical features, derivational processes yield a word that may be semantically and functionally distinct from its root.

Affixation

Affixation is a common mechanism in morphological derivation where a morpheme (an affix) is attached to the base. The affix can be a prefix, suffix, infix, or circumfix, and it typically carries a specific semantic contribution or alters the grammatical properties of the base, creating a new word form.

Morphophonemic Alternation

Morphophonemic alternation refers to systematic sound changes that occur at the junction between morphemes during word formation. Such alternations ensure phonological compatibility between the base and the affix or other derivational elements, often reflecting underlying morphological or phonological rules.

Transcript

00:01 Question is that we are supposed to look at a phylogenetic tree and look at specifically the 10 groups of bilateral and we're to label each of them as having a sealum having a hemisil only if we're to look at and see okay they have a hemicil and a reduced selim or if in fact that there is no body cavity whatsoever so the first thing is to define some of these things so defining the selim we're going to define it as the body cavity and that it's positioned to surround around the digestive tract and it contains the digestive tract and the organs and it has fluid in it.

00:41 And then the hemacil itself is primarily a body cavity, but it is usually found in vertebrates.

00:48 And it typically contains a circulatory fluid known as hemalymph.

00:54 And it is in this hemalymph where there is between that and some of the other.

01:05 Organs where there's an exchange of materials.

01:10 Okay, so the first step was to go down the list of the ten of bilateral and to put on to the phylogenetic tree labeling whether they have no body cavity as in acela and platyhelmetes or if they have a pseudo -celium, which would be then some sort of a modified or reduced sealum and a hemacil and that would be rotifera and nematota and then i would say that the ones that have selum but then also have hemicil would be molaska arthropoda and with arthropoda of course there's the insects and the crustaceans and then those that have selum only and no hemazil would be hemicordata echinodermata cordata on anilida with analyz, they have a closed circulatory system, which is a lot like our own, our very own, circulatory system.

02:19 So since they have a closed circulatory system, they do not have that hemicil.

02:25 Typically, most organisms that are going to have a hemicil are going to have open circulatory systems because they've got to have the circulatory fluid surrounding the organs.

02:37 In addition to labeling, whether the organisms have a celium or if they have only, or if they have a hemacil only, or if it is a kind of a mixture between the hemicil and having a reduced or smaller or just not nearly quite as involved as a whole entire selim or having absolutely no body cavity, there's also two questions to answer.

03:03 One of the questions, it says out of the three major clades, one of the clades, one of the clays, that can be found on the diagram is deuterostome.

03:13 The second and the third is the trocazoa and dysozoa.

03:22 Looking at where these three clades sit on the entire of the polygenetic tree, we find that the deutostomia, all of the groups that are the deutostombs, have a sealum.

03:34 And so very likely the common ancestor for the deutostome is going to have the sealum.

03:39 And then when we look at the common ancestor, between the life of trocosoa and the ichtozoa, what we find is that there is actually a mix.

03:50 There's a mix of having that true sealum, and then there's other ones that are in the grouping that have more of what they call a pseudo -seal or where there is more of a hemaceal and some somewhat a pocketing of the sealum...

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