1. Which of the following influence cell division during normal development (choose any answers that apply): a. growth hormones b. cell death c. DNA damage d. transmembrane receptors e. current stage of the cell cycle 2. Loss-of-function mutations in tumour suppressor genes (choose any answers that apply): a. are called oncogenes b. are called proto-oncogenes c. are recessive d. are dominant e. do not permit determination of the dominance relationship f. prevent cells from progressing to the next stage of the cell cycle g. prevent cell division h. promote progression to the next stage of the cell cycle i. promote cell division j. can be inherited by viable progeny in the next generation. k. cannot be inherited by viable progeny in the next generation. 3. Loss-of-function mutations in proto-oncogenes (choose any answers that apply): a. are called oncogenes b. are called tumour suppressor genes c. are recessive d. are dominant e. do not permit determination of the dominance relationship f. prevent cells from progressing to the next stage of the cell cycle g. prevent cell division h. promote progression to the next stage of the cell cycle i. promote cell division j. can be inherited by viable progeny in the next generation. k. cannot be inherited by viable progeny in the next generation. 4. Gain-of-function mutations in tumour suppressor genes (choose any answers that apply): a. are called oncogenes b. are called proto-oncogenes c. are recessive d. are dominant e. do not permit determination of the dominance relationship f. prevent cells from progressing to the next stage of the cell cycle g. prevent cell division h. promote progression to the next stage of the cell cycle i. promote cell division j. can be inherited by viable progeny in the next generation. k. cannot be inherited by viable progeny in the next generation 5. Gain-of-function mutations in proto-oncogenes (choose any answers that apply): a. are called oncogenes b. are called tumour suppressor genes c. are recessive d. are dominant e. do not permit determination of the dominance relationship f. prevent cells from progressing to the next stage of the cell cycle g. prevent cell division h. promote progression to the next stage of the cell cycle i. promote cell division j. can be inherited by viable progeny in the next generation. k. cannot be inherited by viable progeny in the next generation.
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The factors that influence cell division during normal development include: a. growth hormones, c. DNA damage, d. transmembrane receptors, and e. current stage of the cell cycle. Show more…
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4. Genetic changes that can convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes include all of the following EXCEPT Point mutations. B) Increase in the copy number of the proto-oncogene. C) Change in the relationship between coding region and regulation elements. D) Deletion of the proto-oncogene. E) All of these can convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. 46. The role of a tumor suppressor gene: A) Is to encode a protein that stimulates cell division. B) Is to prevent mistakes in DNA replication. C) Is to allow cell division only under appropriate conditions. D) All of these. E) None of these. Which of these are likely as a result of the two-hit model? A) Predisposition to cancer is inherited as a dominant trait. B) Tumor formation is inherited as a dominant trait. C) Individuals who have inherited a mutant copy of a tumor suppressor are more likely to develop tumors, but they usually occur at later ages of onset. D) All of these. E) None of these. What is the normal interaction between the Rb protein and the EZF transcription factor? A) Rb inhibits EZF activity, effectively preventing cell division. B) Rb enhances EZF activity, effectively preventing cell division. C) Rb inhibits EZF activity, increasing the rate of cell division. D) Rb enhances EZF activity, increasing the rate of cell division. 49. p53 will stimulate badly damaged cells to undergo apoptosis rather than proceeding through the cell cycle. A) True. B) False. Which of the following is a common type of tumor suppressor gene? A) Genes that increase the rate of the cell cycle or stimulate cell division. B) Genes involved in performing DNA synthesis. C) Genes involved in the maintenance of cell cycle checkpoints. D) All of these. E) None of these.
Sri K.
1. Can normal (undamaged) cells automatically transition from G1 to S phase? Why? Yes, many of our cells constantly reproduce to replace old and damaged cells. These cells do not need to be regulated by the cell cycle. No, all cells must enter the G0 phase to replicate their DNA. Yes, cells in the cell cycle are committed to mitosis once they are in the G1 phase. No, cells must pass through the G1 checkpoint to transition to S phase. 2. Bacteria cells can acquire DNA from their environment allowing them to become resistant to antibiotics. The process is called horizontal (lateral) gene transfer, sexual reproduction, mitosis, vertical gene transfer, binary fission. 3. One "cost" of being a multicellular organism would be? Our cells are less efficient at extracting energy from organic molecules compared to anaerobic bacteria. We reproduce much more efficiently than prokaryotes. Cancer. Our cells produce less ATP than anaerobic bacteria. 4. Select the correct statement regarding the similarities between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis and meiosis both undergo two rounds of cell division. Mitosis and meiosis generate genetically identical daughter cells. Crossing over takes place during prophase in mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis and meiosis each divide sister chromatids. 5. Which of the following statements is correct and not a common misconception regarding genetics? Most genes code for proteins. Genes exist to cause cancer and other diseases. Dominant alleles are stronger than recessive alleles. Dominant alleles are more common than recessive alleles. Most of our traits, like eye color, are determined by strict Mendelian genetics one gene with two alleles. 6. Cancer is not usually inherited because The mutations in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells (cells of our body). People with cancer usually die before reproducing. Cancer typically causes disruptions of meiosis. The cancerous cells usually interfere with the ability to produce gametes. 7. The primary cause of preventable cancer is smoking. 8. Sexual reproduction may have evolved because Mitochondria can damage DNA; sexual reproduction brings in a second set of genes, it's like having a backup copy if a certain gene gets damaged making it less likely the cell would die taking the mitochondria with it. It is simpler than mitosis; it does not take much for a sperm to fertilize an egg. Cells were becoming more complex; therefore, reproduction had to become increasingly complex. Sexual reproduction creates new alleles, thus creating new genetic variability for natural selection. It is more efficient than binary fission. 9. You are a diploid organism; how did you inherit your DNA? You received 23 chromosomes from each of your parents. You received 46 chromosomes from each of your parents. You inherited your DNA from your parents through horizontal gene transfer. You inherited your DNA from your parents through lateral gene transfer. 10. The only way to create new alleles is by mutation, meiosis, sexual reproduction, crossing over.
Dominador T.
A three-point testcross was made in corn. The results and a recombination analysis are shown in the display below, which is typical of three-point testcrosses $(p=$ purple leaves, $+=$ green; $v=$ virus-resistant seedlings, $+$ $=$ sensitive; $b=$ brown midriff to seed, $+=$ plain ). Study the display, and answer parts $a$ through $c$ $$\begin{aligned}&P \quad+/+\cdot+/+\cdot+/+\times p / p \cdot v / v \cdot b / b\\&\text { Gametes } \quad+\cdot+\cdot+\quad p \cdot v \cdot b\end{aligned}$$ a. Determine which genes are linked. b. Draw a map that shows distances in map units. c. Calculate interference, if appropriate. 1. Sketch cartoon drawings of the $\mathrm{P}, \mathrm{F}_{1},$ and tester corn plants, and use arrows to show exactly how you would perform this experiment. Show where seeds are obtained. 2. Why do all the $+$ 's look the same, even for different genes? Why does this not cause confusion? 3. How can a phenotype be purple and brown, for example, at the same time? 4. Is it significant that the genes are written in the order $p-v-b$ in the problem? 5. What is a tester and why is it used in this analysis? 6. What does the column marked "Progeny phenotypes" represent? In class $1,$ for example, state exactly what "gre sen pla" means. 7. What does the line marked "Gametes" represent, and how is it different from the column marked "F $_{1}$ gametes"? In what way is comparison of these two types of gametes relevant to recombination? 8. Which meiosis is the main focus of study? Label it on your drawing. 9. Why are the gametes from the tester not shown? 10. Why are there only eight phenotypic classes? Are there any classes missing? 11. What classes (and in what proportions) would be expected if all the genes are on separate chromosomes? 12. To what do the four pairs of class sizes (very big, two intermediates, very small) correspond? 13. What can you tell about gene order simply by inspecting the phenotypic classes and their frequencies? 14. What will be the expected phenotypic class distribution if only two genes are linked? 15. What does the word "point" refer to in a three-point testcross? Does this word usage imply linkage? What would a four-point testcross be like? 16. What is the definition of recombinant, and how is it applied here? 17. What do the "Recombinant for" columns mean? 18. Why are there only three "Recombinant for" columns? 19. What do the R's mean, and how are they determined? 20. What do the column totals signify? How are they used? 21. What is the diagnostic test for linkage? 22. What is a map unit? Is it the same as a centimorgan? 23. In a three-point testcross such as this one, why aren't the $\mathrm{F}_{1}$ and the tester considered to be parental in calculating recombination? (They are parents in one sense.) 24. What is the formula for interference? How are the "expected" frequencies calculated in the coefficient-ofcoincidence formula? 25. Why does part $c$ of the problem say "if appropriate"? 26. How much work is it to obtain such a large progeny size in corn? Which of the three genes would take the most work to score? Approximately how many progeny are represented by one corncob?
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