LAB PRACTICAL 2 Final Review Sheet Please use the following summary as a guide to help you prepare for Practical 2. Gene Expression and DNA Technology What is transcription? Where does transcription take place? When does transcription take place? What is translation? Where does translation take place? When does translation take place? Be sure you can use the amino acid table to determine which codons code for each amino acid. From what organism did you extract DNA? Why did you use the soap? What did the meat tenderizer do? Why did you need to keep your DNA extraction experiment cold? What is gel electrophoresis? How is it used? What does PCR stand for? Why is it used? Do you have to sequence DNA to be able to tell two individuals apart? Evolution and Natural Selection What is natural selection? Who were Peter and Rosemary Grant? Where did they conduct their research? What were the variations in finch beaks they observed? How did bird beak size correlate with seed size? How does seed size relate to precipitation? In your competition experiment with your "beaks" and seeds, what type of seed was recovered the easiest? What was the relationship between beak shape and seed shape? Was there 100% seed recovery? Can you predict the most frequent "beak" phenotype in the next generation of birds? You also watched a video on the diversity of Cuba or on the life of Charles Darwin. If you watched the Cuba movie, you should be able to answer the following questions: How did Cuba's animals become so diverse? What are some examples of animals found only on Cuba? What similarities can you think of between Cuba and the Galápagos Islands? If you watched the Darwin movie, you should be able to answer the following questions: Where did Darwin travel that helped him formulate his theory of evolution? What examples of changes in species were presented in the movie? What other scientist was mentioned in the movie that developed a very similar theory of evolution to Darwin's? Bacteria In lab you observed and diagramed the three bacterial shapes—what are they? We also discussed how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. Do you think it is a good idea to use antibacterial soaps? Also, you observed cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria) under the microscope. Are these creatures prokaryotic or eukaryotic? What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells? What are the structural differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria? How are they different when you look at them under a microscope? Protists What are protists? Are they eukaryotic or prokaryotic? What does autotrophic and heterotrophic mean? You observed animal-like protists such as amoebas, Paramecium, Trichonympha and
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Gene Expression and DNA Technology: - Transcription: The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. It takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. - Translation: The process of converting the information in RNA into Show more…
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TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology states that there is a flow of information from the genetic instructions written in ______, via the messenger ______, to the ______ products that perform most of the work in a cell. The first part of this process is called transcription. Just as you might transcribe your notes after a lecture to make them neater and more organized, but not fundamentally changed from one form to another, transcription involves a transfer of information between two very similar molecules, DNA and RNA. What are 3 differences between these 2 molecules? 1. 2. 3. The process of transcription takes place in the ______ of a eukaryotic cell. The sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein is known as a ______. The enzyme that is responsible for adding the appropriate bases to build the messenger RNA is ______. This enzyme needs to know where to start the process of transcription. In front of each gene is a region where the enzyme binds and begins mRNA synthesis. This region is called the ______. At the end of each gene is a termination site, where the enzyme's job is done and the mRNA is released. But we are not quite done with transcription yet. There are parts of the gene sequence that do NOT code for protein; these ______ must be removed before translation. The coding regions (called ______) must be attached together, and a cap and tail added. Now the messenger is ready to leave the nucleus and travel to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it will be recognized by the protein assembly machines known as ______. This second part of the process is called translation. Just as you might be able to translate a letter or a conversation from Spanish to English, or Armenian to Chinese, this process of translation represents a dramatic change from the language of nucleic acids (composed of nucleotide building blocks) to the very different language of proteins (composed of ______ building blocks). Remember that protein structure is complex and may be divided into primary, secondary, tertiary, and often quaternary levels. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that are put together to make a polypeptide, and that is what happens during translation. The genetic code is written in triplets (units of three mRNA bases). These triplets are called ______. Each triplet is complementary to a single anticodon found on ______ RNA molecules. At the opposite end of each tRNA, a specific amino acid is attached. This is the key to translation. If you know the DNA sequence of a gene, you can figure out the complementary mRNA sequence, and then, using the codebook, the sequence of amino acids in the protein. Some amino acids will be attracted to each other (e.g., by hydrogen bonds), thereby creating the coils and folds of secondary protein structure, and ultimately, the tertiary 3-dimensional shape of the protein, which determines function.
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